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Presented by : Wesal Hashem Al- Naji Student no: 220102181 Course: Syntax and Semantic

Anaphora and Cataphora. Presented by : Wesal Hashem Al- Naji Student no: 220102181 Course: Syntax and Semantic Dr. Walid Amer. Reference.

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Presented by : Wesal Hashem Al- Naji Student no: 220102181 Course: Syntax and Semantic

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  1. Anaphora and Cataphora Presented by : WesalHashem Al- Naji Student no: 220102181 Course: Syntax and Semantic Dr. Walid Amer.

  2. Reference • Words themselves don’t refer to anything, people refer. Reference is thought as an act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something.

  3. The categories of referring expressions (1) proper nouns (2) definite nouns • Referring expressions (3) indefinite nouns (4) pronouns

  4. Etymology of Anaphora ANA- Back, Upstream, Back upstream Phora- Act of Carrying Anaphora - Act of Carrying Back

  5. What is anaphora?? The use of a linguistic unit, such as a pronoun, to refer back to another unit, as the use of her to refer to Anne in the sentence Anne asked Edward to pass herthe salt. Anaphora represents the relationbetween a “proform”(called an “anaphor”) and another term (called an "antecedent"), when the interpretation of the anaphor is in a certain way determined by the interpretation of the antecedent. *In general, an anaphoric expression is represented by a pronoun.

  6. Anaphoric Reference Anaphoric referencemeans that a word in a text refers back to other ideas in the text for its meaning. It can be compared with cataphoric reference, which means a word refers to ideas later in the text. "Susan dropped the plate. Itshattered loudly" the word "it"refers to the phrase "the plate".

  7. Classes of Pronouns • Personal: I, you, he, she • Possessive: my, her our, his .. • Relative: who, that, which • Demonstrative: this, that • Distributive: each, every, all

  8. Examples: 1- The monkey took the banana and ate it. 2- Huda went home because she felt sick. Monkey, Huda= antecedent it, she = anaphor or anaphoric expression.

  9. A: Can I borrow your dictionary?B: Yes,it’s on the table. • Here, word it refers back to the word dictionary. The previous word dictionary is called the antecedent, and the second word it is called the anaphor or anaphoric expression.

  10. 1- A pronoun should have only one possible antecedent. • *John called Steve twelve times while he was in Reno. • -The pronoun "he" could refer either to "Jerry" or to "Steve.“ • 2- A pronoun should not refer to an implied idea. • *John put a bullet in his gun and shot it. • - The pronoun "it" can refer either to the noun "gun" or to the implied object of the verb "shot". • 3- A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person, number, gender. • * If a person wants to succeed in corporate life, youhave to know the rules of the game. • If a person wants to succeed in corporate life, he or she has to know the rules of the game.

  11. Varieties of anaphora according to the form of the anaphor • Nominal anaphora arises when a referring expression (pronoun, definite noun phrase or proper name), has a non-pronominal noun phrase as its antecedent.

  12. Varieties of anaphora according to the form of the anaphor (2) • Pronominal anaphora:the most widespread type of anaphora • Personal pronouns:John had to go to a meeting so he decided to have a shave • Possessive pronouns:John grabbed his old razor • Reflexive pronouns...but unfortunately cut himselfduring the shave • Demonstrative pronouns: This delayed him further... John picked the electric razor. That was not working either • Relative pronouns: John picked the electric razor which was not working either).

  13. Varieties of anaphora according to the form of the anaphor (3) • Lexical noun phrase anaphora: realised syntactically as definite noun phrases, also called definite descriptions, and proper names. • Mark went for a drive and got hopelessly lost. That's Mark for you. • Both noses went down to the footprints in the snow. These footprints were very fresh.

  14. Types of anaphora according to the locations of the anaphor and the antecedent • intrasentential : anaphor and its antecedent are located in the same sentence. • intersentential : antecedent is in a different (preceding) sentence from the anaphor

  15. What is cataphora?? • -The use of a linguistic unit, such as a pronoun, to refer ahead to another unit, for example, the use of him to refer to John in the sentence Nearhim,John saw a snake. • -Cataphora is the coreference of one expression with another expression which follows it. • -The following expression provides the information necessary for interpretation of the preceding one.

  16. Cataphoric Reference A cataphoric reference unit refers to another unit that is introduced later on in the text/speech. To understand the unit refered to by a cataphoric reference you would need to look ahead in the text/speech.

  17. Anaphoric/cataphoric relationscataphoric relation (looking forward)anaphoric relation (looking backwards)These are features which cannot be interpreted except by reference to some other feature in the text • What do you think of this: John’s getting married • John’s getting married. What do you think of that?

  18. Thank you

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