Peacemaking: Military Provisions

1. Peacemaking: Military Provisions • Treaty of Versailles • German Army limited to 100,000 soldiers • German Navy limited to 6 warships • No submarines permitted • No air force permitted Lloyd George, Orlando, Clemenceau, and Wilson meet at Versailles

2. Peacemaking: Territorial Provisions • Treaty of Versailles • Transfer of land to Belgium, France, Denmark and Poland • Creation of Polish Corridor • Demilitarization of area 30 mi. east of Rhine River • New nations

3. Peacemaking: Guilt and Reparations • Treaty of Versailles • Acceptance of ‘War Guilt Clause’: Article 231 • Payment of Reparations = 132 billion marks • Build 200,000 tons of shipping • ¼ of merchant marine and fishing fleets • ¼ of all coal production “This isn’t a peace, it’s a twenty year truce!” – Marshal Ferdinand Foch

4. The Rise of Fascism, 1919-24 • Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) • Fascio di Combattimento, 1919 • Squadrismo • March on Rome, 1922 • Matteotti Crisis, 1924 Benito Mussolini

5. The Nazi’s First Steps, 1923 • Suspension of reparation payments • Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian troops • ‘Passive resistance’ • Hyperinflation • Beer Hall Putsch

6. World Economic Crises, 1923-39 • German Hyperinflation, 1923 • Dawes Plan • Wall Street Crash, 1929 • The Great Depression Removing money in laundry baskets from Berlin bank, 1923

7. Hitler’s ‘Seizure of Power’, I • The Great Coalition, 1923-29 • Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution • 1932 Elections • Hitler appointed Chancellor, Jan. 1933 Franz von Papen, Hitler and Goebbels

8. Reichstag Election Returns, 1930-33 (%)

9. SPD Election Posters, 1930-32

10. Nazi Election Posters, 1932

11. Hitler’s Seizure of Power, II • Reichstag Fire, February 27 • Elections of 5 March • Dachau, first concentration camp, 20 March • By 1945, estimated 15,000 throughout occupied Europe • Enabling Act, 23 March: Hitler made dictator for 4 years. Upon Hindenburg’s death in 1934, assumes title of Führer. Arrival of prisoners at Dachau, April 1933

12. Map of Major Nazi Concentration Camps, 1943-4

13. Hitler and the Jews, 1933-38 • 1933-5: Exclusion • April 1933 Boycott • Exclusion of Jews from civil service, law, medicine, schools, armed forces • 1935-38: Apartheid • Nuremburg Laws • Jews lose citizenship • Legally defined as separate race • Intermarriage and sexual relations illegal A Stormtrooper stands outside of a Jewish-owned business, 1933.

14. The Holocaust, 1938-45 • 1938-41: Violent Persecution Begins • Forced repatriation of Polish Jews, Oct. 1938 • Kristallnacht, Nov. 9, 1938 • Tightening segregation • 1941-45: Holocaust • Einsatzgruppen, June 1941 • Wannsee Conference, January 1942 • Extermination Camps Einsatzkommando execution In the Ukraine

15. The Extermination Camps • Auschwitz (1.1 million) • Belzec (600,000) • Chelmno (152,000) • Majdanek (200,000) • Sobibor (250,000) • Treblinka (750,000)

16. The Policy of Appeasement • Remilitarization of the Rhineland, March 1936 • Anschluss, March 1938 • Sudetenland Crisis and Munich Conference, Sept. 1938 • Invasion of Czechoslovakia, March 1939 • Nazi-Soviet Pact, Aug. 1939 • Invasion of Poland, Sept. 1939 Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler and Mussolini at the Munich Conference, September 1938

17. The Second World War, 1939-41 • Great Britain and France declare war, 3 Sep 1939 • Invasion of Denmark and Norway, April 1940 • Invasion of France, Belgium, Neth. & Lux., May 1940 • Armistice with France, June 1940 • The Battle of Britain (Blitz), Summer 1940 St.Paul’s Cathedral, London during the Nazi Blitz, 1940

18. The Second World War, 1941-43 • Invasion of Greece and Yugoslavia, April 1941 • Invasion of USSR, June 1941 • Attack on Pearl Harbor, December 1941 • North African Campaign, 1941-3 • Invasion of Italy, July 1943 • Siege of Leningrad, July 1941-July 1943 • Battle of Stalingrad, Nov. 1942-Feb. 1943 German soldier shot crossing the Polish border, 1941

19. The Second World War, 1944-5 • Fall of Rome:June 4, 1944 • D-Day:June 6, 1944 • Paris liberated:August 22, 1944 • Yalta Conference: March 1945 • Mussolini captured and killed,April 28, 1945 • Hitler commits suicide,April 30, 1945 • Germany surrenders:May 8, 1945 The corpses of Mussolini and his mistress being displayed in Milan, April 29, 1945

20. Military Losses in World War II (millions)

21. Civilian Losses in World War II (millions)

22. Divided Europe, 1945-9 • Yalta Conference: Feb. 1945 • Roosevelt’s Death: April 12, 1945 • Potsdam Conference: July 1945 • Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed:August 1945 • Division of Germany: 1947-9 The “Big Three” at Yalta

23. Cold War Europe, 1945-74 • Soviet control of Eastern Europe, 1947-8: The ‘Iron Curtain’ • NATO founded, April 1949 • Soviet A-bomb exploded, August 1949: The nuclear arms race begins • Warsaw Pact signed, 1955 • Sputnik launched, October 1957: The ‘Space Race’ begins Sputnik is launched, 1957

24. Map of Cold War Europe

25. The Crisis of Communism, 1970-1985 • World Economic Crisis of 1970s • OPEC • Stagflation • Solidarity Movement in Poland, 1980-89 • Charter ’77 group in Czechoslovakia • Leadership Crisis in USSR Solidarity leader Lech Walesa

26. The Fall of Communism in Europe, 1985-91 • Mikhail Gorbachev • Perestroika • Glasnost • Electoral Defeat of Communists in Poland, 1989 • ‘Velvet Revolution’ in Czechoslovakia, 1989 • Fall of Berlin Wall, 1989 • German Reunification, 1990 Demonstrators dismantle the Berlin Wall, 1989

27. Collapse of the Soviet Union, 1991-2 • Boris Yeltsin (1931-) • August Coup, 1991 • Communist Party suspended • Pravda outlawed • Republics begin to break away • U.S.S.R. dissolved on 1 January 1992 Boris Yeltsin defends Russian Parliament building during the August Coup, 1991