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Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning. Reward. Punishment. Reinforcement/Punishment. Four Possible Consequences There are four possible consequences to any behavior. They are:

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Operant Conditioning

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  1. Operant Conditioning Reward Punishment

  2. Reinforcement/Punishment

  3. Four Possible Consequences There are four possible consequences to any behavior. They are: Something Good can start or be presented PR;Something Good can end or be taken away NP;Something Bad can start or be presented PP;Something Bad can end or be taken away NR.

  4. Something Good can start or be presented, so behavior increases = Positive Reinforcement (R+) Something Good can end or be taken away, so behavior decreases = Negative Punishment (P-) Something Bad can start or be presented, so behavior decreases = Positive Punishment (P+) Something Bad can end or be taken away, so behavior increases = Negative Reinforcement (R-)

  5. Operant Conditioning

  6. Negative reinforcement – Active Avoidance

  7. Dennis says it all…….. Dennis, if you don’t stop bothering Mr. Wilson, you can’t listen to MTV=NP

  8. HOW COMPLEX BEHAVIORSARE LEARNED • Successive approximation/shaping = reinforcing behaviors as they come to approximate the desired behavior • Superstitious Behavior = when persistent behaviors are reinforced coincidentally rather than functionally

  9. .5

  10. Learned Helplessness Prevent a dog from escaping electric shocks, and it will stop trying to get away. Applications for abused women and children

  11. Learned Helplessness Paradigm Seligman “Triadic” Design Phase 1 Phase 2 Group A: Escapable Shock Group B: Yoked Inescapable Shock Group C: Exposure to apparatus only Escape/Avoidance training (For Group A shock can be terminated by rotating a wheel.)

  12. Learned Helplessness – Seligman, Peterson, et al. • Dogs exposed to unavoidable shocks • Following exposure, when placed in a situation where they can now jump to avoid the shock, they fail to make the escape response. • Learned helplessness occurs when one perceives that one’s actions (e.g., working hard) does not lead to the expected outcome (e.g., high grade).

  13. Possible Explanations • Learned Helplessness: Organisms learn that their behavior is ineffectual • Poverty of activity: inescapable shock reduces the variability in behavior that is so crucial for operant conditioning • Inattention: animals stop attending to their own behavior

  14. Battered Spouse Syndrome • Learned helplessness • Victim Mentality • Increased dependency on abuser

  15. Psychological: Behavioral Results • Learned Helplessness: • Seligman’s experiments with rats and dogs • Learned helplessness in humans linked with attributions of a lack of control after experiences of being in an impotent position Environment which lacks positive reinforcement > reduction in activities and withdrawal

  16. Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (1956, 1976, 1985) Resistance • Arousal high as body tries defend and adapt. Exhaustion • Limited physical resources; resistance to disease collapses; death Alarm Reaction • Fight or flight P If stress continues ….

  17. Operant Conditioning Interval Ratio Fixed Variable

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