Unraveling the Universe: Matter and Non-Matter

1. 揭開宇宙的面紗-宇宙中的物質和非物質 『從原子到宇宙』課程第十六週 胡維平 國立中正大學化學暨生物化學系 12/31/2015

2. 目前宇宙中各種原子核之含量 Number of atoms per 10,000,000 of hydrogen

4. What particles are really elementary (indivisible)?

5. Inner Structure of Nucleons Neutron (0) Proton (+)

6. Particles of Matter and Messenger

9. Particle and Forces in Standard Model String Theory in 11-D?

10. Antimatter Predicted by Dirac(1928) Relativity + Quantum Mechanics Where is antimatter? pair production

11. Antimatter Matter Engine in Sci-Fi Series Star Trek

12. Parity Violation? 60Co  60Ni + e- + anti-neutriono + 2 g Parity violation proposed by Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang in 1956, and experimentally observed by Chien-Shiung Wu. Her cobalt 60 experiment proved that Lee and Yang hypothesis on parity violation by weak interaction was right. Pauli had to admit that "God is a little left-handed".

13. CPSymmetry? Charge-Parity (CP) Symmetry pion+

14. CP Violation The neutral K meson Ko (a particle that contains a strange quark and a strange quark) manifests itself in two modes with respect to the weak interaction. One mode is labelled Kshort with shorter half-life, a CP state of +1 and decays into two charged pions (with CP=+1); the other is Klong with longer half-life, a CP state of -1 and decay into three neutral pions (with CP=-1). The 1964 experiment by Cronin and Fitch looked for the decay products of Klong. They observed a few decays of the Klong turning into pairs of oppositely charged pions: about 1 out of a total of 500 decays. This kind of decay arrives at a final CP state that is different from the initial CP state and proves that CP symmetry was not preserved exactly by the weak interaction.

15. CPT Symmetry

16. Discovery of Dark Matter

17. Dark-Matter Halo of Our Galaxy

18. The observed positions of 135 gravitationally lensed images of 42 background galaxies was used to calculate the location and amount of dark matter in the massive galaxy cluster Abell 1689, which contains around 1,000 galaxies around 2.2 billion light-years away.

19. Composition of Our Universe

20. Recent Results from the Planck Spacescraft The data from Planck imply that the age of the Universe is 13.82 billion years. (2013/3)

23. WMAP data reveals that its contents include 4.6% atoms, the building blocks of stars and planets. Dark matter comprises 23% of the universe. This matter, different from atoms, does not emit or absorb light. It has only been detected indirectly by its gravity. 72% of the universe, is composed of "dark energy", that acts as a sort of an anti-gravity. This energy, distinct from dark matter, is responsible for the present-day acceleration of the universal expansion. WMAP data is accurate to two digits, so the total of these numbers is not 100%. This reflects the current limits of WMAP's ability to define Dark Matter and Dark Energy.

24. Proposed explanations for dark matter Brown dwarf stars and similarly massive but relatively non-luminous objects. Astronomers have in fact invented a new name for a class of objects that include brown dwarf stars and other massive objects: Massive Compact Halo Objects, or MACHOs. Supermassive black holes. Astronomers are now attempting to detect these objects by their relativistic effects on light, in which they act as lenses. New, previously unknown forms of matter. Many cosmologists have formed hypotheses that suggest entirely new particles of matter. They call these Weakly Interacting Massive Particles, or WIMPs. Other cosmologists have suggested other types of particles, named axions. The recently sought Higgs boson is another proposed dark-matter elementary particle. A new theory of gravity. In 1983, Mordecai Milgrom first suggested that Newtonian dynamics was insufficient to explain the gravitational interactions of massive objects like galaxies and galactic clusters. He therefore suggested a Modified Newtonian Dynamic, or MOND, in which gravitational attraction varied inversely to the first power of the orbital radius, not its square as Newton originally assumed. Neutrinos, which are detected and fall under the category of "warm dark matter" based on their momentum. However, they only account for a small fraction of the dark matter required to explain the structure of galaxies.

25. MACHOS • Massive astrophysical compact halo object, or MACHO. • MACHOs may sometimes be black holes or neutron stars as well as brown dwarfs or unassociated planets. White dwarfs and very faint red dwarfs have also been proposed as candidate MACHOs. • The Big Bang as it is currently understood couldn‘t produce enough baryons without causing major problems in the observed elemental abundances.

26. WIMPS Weakly interacting massive particles or WIMPs, are hypothetical particles serving as one possible solution to the dark matter problem. These particles interact through the weak force and gravity, and possibly through other interactions no stronger than the weak force. Because they do not interact with electromagnetism they cannot be seen directly, and because they do not interact with the strong nuclear force they do not react strongly with atomic nuclei.

27. MOND positive and negative evidences The pink region in the image is hot gas, glowing in X-rays detected by the NASA satellite, Chandra. The blue region represents our best estimate of where the matter in the cluster is, as traced by its effect on the light from the background galaxies. Essentially, the 'normal' matter, represented by the x-ray radiation, is at the centre of the object, while the total mass is much more spread out. This is exactly what we would expect if the majority of the mass in the cluster was in the form of Cold Dark Matter.

28. The Solar Neutrino Problems

29. 6 October 2015 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2015 to Takaaki Kajita Super-Kamiokande Collaboration University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan and Arthur B. McDonald Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Collaboration Queen's University, Kingston, Canada “for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass” Neutrino oscillation requires mass !

30. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 Saul Perlmutter Brian P. Schmidt Adam G. Riess Johns Hopkins University and Space Telescope Science Institute Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Australian National University awarded"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae" with one half to Saul Perlmutter and the other half jointly to Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess.

31. Models of Cosmology

32. Measuring the Distance and the Standard Candles Parallelax Cepheid Variables

33. Type Ia Supernova almost always the same brightness Chandrasekhar limit = 1.4 M⊙ (solar mass)

35. A new supernova, SN 2011fe, has been reported on Aug 24, 2011, in M101 the famous "Pinwheel" galaxy in Ursa Major. This supernova was caught when it was still rising, giving to the astronomers a chance to track it since the beginning of the explosion. It resulted in a type- Ia SN. M101 was discovered by P. Méchain in 1781 and its distance is estimated in about 20 millions of light years

37. Dark Energy? Our Accelerating Expanding Universe