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Atmospheric Composition and Energy Balance

Explore the intricate details of the atmosphere's structure and composition, including radiative equilibrium, heat transport, circulation patterns, and climate modeling. Delve into the roles of major atmospheric absorbers like H2O, CO2, O3, and other gases, as well as the impact of clouds and aerosols on energy balance. Recommended reading: "Global Physical Climatology" by Hartmann (Academic Press, 1994).

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Atmospheric Composition and Energy Balance

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  1. The Atmosphere:Part 2: Radiative equilibrium • Composition / Structure • Radiative transfer • Vertical and latitudinal heat transport • Atmospheric circulation • Climate modeling Suggested further reading: Hartmann, Global Physical Climatology (Academic Press, 1994)

  2. Planetary energy balance Emission temperature

  3. Atmospheric absorption

  4. Principal atmosphericabsorbers • • H2O: Bent triatomic, with permanent dipole moment and pure rotational bands as well as rotation-vibration transitions • • CO2 : No permanent dipole moment, so no pure rotational transitions, but temporary dipole during vibrational transitions • • O3: Like water, but also involved in photodissociation • • Other gases: CH4, N2O,CFCs • Clouds and aerosols

  5. Top of atmosphere: by definition

  6. Top of atmosphere: by definition Bottom of atmosphere:

  7. Top of atmosphere: by definition Bottom of atmosphere:

  8. Top of atmosphere: by definition Bottom of atmosphere:

  9. A more opaque atmosphere — a warmer surface Ta = Te T b = 21/4Te Ts = 31/4Te

  10. Top of atmosphere: by definition Bottom of atmosphere:

  11. Atmospheric energy balance

  12. Atmospheric energy balance

  13. Radiative equilibrium profile

  14. Full calculation of radiative equilibrium

  15. Full calculation of radiative equilibrium surface much too warm

  16. Full calculation of radiative equilibrium tropopause too cold surface much too warm

  17. Full calculation of radiative equilibrium tropospheric lapse rate too large tropopause too cold surface much too warm

  18. Full calculation of radiative equilibrium stratosphere about right tropospheric lapse rate too large tropopause too cold surface much too warm

  19. Radiative equilibrium: role of various absorbers

  20. Approach to equilibrium

  21. Effect of clouds

  22. Radiative effect of clouds • Altitude and thickness • Shape • Liquid water content • Ice/water • Particle sizes

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