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The Future of Wireless Sensor Networks

The Future of Wireless Sensor Networks. Kris Pister Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley Co-Director, Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center (Founder & CTO, Dust Networks). Outline. The Past What Went Wrong Technology Status Applications Technology Directions.

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The Future of Wireless Sensor Networks

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  1. The Future of Wireless Sensor Networks Kris Pister Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley Co-Director, Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center (Founder & CTO, Dust Networks)

  2. Outline • The Past • What Went Wrong • Technology Status • Applications • Technology Directions

  3. Autonomous Microsensor Networks with Optical Communication Links BSAC IAB 1997 • PI: Kris Pister • Source: Hughes (MICRO) • Funding: $25k, $10k matching, 0% ovhd, • Duration: 1 year • Comments: Collaboration w/ Prof. Joe Kahn under separate MICRO

  4. COTS Dust BSAC IAB Spring 2000 GOAL: • Get our feet wet RESULT: • Cheap, easy, off-the-shelf RF systems • Fantastic interest in cheap, easy, RF: • Industry • Berkeley Wireless Research Center • Center for the Built Environment (IUCRC) • PC Enabled Toys (Intel) • Fantastic RF problems • Optical proof of concept

  5. Berkeley Demos – 2001 Motes dropped from UAV, detect vehicles, log and report direction and velocity Intel Developers Forum, live demo 800 motes, 8 level dynamic network, 50 temperature sensors for HVAC deployed in 3 hours. $100 vs. $800 per node. Seismic testing demo: real-time data acquisition, $200 vs. $5,000 per node vs.

  6. Cost of Sensor Networks Mesh Networking Computing Power Installation, Connection and Commissioning Sensors $ Time

  7. Sensor Networks Take Off! Industry Analysts Take Off! $8.1B market for Wireless Sensor Networks in 2007 Source: InStat/MDR 11/2003 (Wireless); Wireless Data Research Group 2003; InStat/MDR 7/2004 (Handsets)

  8. Low Data Rate WPAN Applications PERSONAL HEALTH CARE Zigbee 2003 Zigbee 2006 Zigbee Pro BUILDING AUTOMATION CONSUMER ELECTRONICS security HVAC AMR lighting control accesscontrol TV VCR DVD/CD remote PC & PERIPHERALS INDUSTRIAL CONTROL asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt mouse keyboard joystick RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL patient monitoring fitness monitoring security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation

  9. Barriers to Adoption OnWorld, 2005

  10. Dust Networks • Founded July 2002 • Focused on reliability, power consumption • Developed TSMP • Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol • >99.9% reliability • Lowest power per delivered packet

  11. 50 motes, 7 hops 3 floors, 150,000sf >100,000 packets/day

  12. Oil Refinery – Double Coker Unit • Scope limited to Coker facility and support units spanning over 1200ft • No repeaters were needed to ensure connectivity • Electrical/Mechanical contractor installed per wired practices • >5 year life on C-cell GW 400m

  13. Standards • IEEE 802.15.4 • Wireless HART • ISA SP100 Wireless HART booth at ISA Expo, Oct. 2006

  14. The De-facto Standard Emerson MACTek Yokogawa Siemens Siemens ABB Honeywell Phoenix Contact Smar Endress+ Hauser Pepperl+ Fuchs Elpro 12 Manufacturers,1 Network – Dust Networks’ TSMP

  15. Excerpts from Customer Presentations at the Emerson Process Users ConferenceOctober 2-5, 2006

  16. Streetline Networks

  17. Federspiel Controls HVAC System Retrofits Demonstrated Energy Savings: • 3.7 kWh/sf/yr • 0.34 therms/sf/yr • Higher savings than conventional retrofits

  18. Barriers to Adoption >99.9% Wireless HART, SP100 “It just worked” 5-10 years Complete networks OnWorld, 2005

  19. 2.4 GHz Transceiver Front End • Cook et al., ISSCC 2006 • Active Area: 0.8mm2 • Zero external RF components

  20. Radio Performance 25 20 With software: 10 years  D cell 15 IRX (mA) 10 5 With software: 10 years  coin cell 100k Bit rate (bps) 300k 200k X cc2420 X cc1000 Cook 06 (300 mW) X Molnar 04 (0.4mA) X X Otis 05 (0.4mA)

  21. RF Time of Flight Ranging in a Coal Mine Tunnel 2 m Error Measured Data Ideal 1 m Error Steven Lanzisera

  22. Mote on a Chip? (circa 2001) antenna uP SRAM Temp inductor Amp Radio ADC ~2 mm^2 ASIC crystal battery • Goals: • Standard CMOS • Low power • Minmal external components

  23. UCB Hardware Results ~2003 • 2 chips fabbed in 0.25um CMOS • “Mote on a chip” worked, TX only • 900 MHz transceiver worked • Records set for low power CMOS • ADC, Mike Scott, M.S. • 8 bits, 100kS/s • 2uA@1V • Microprocessor, Brett Warneke, PhD. • 8 bits, 1MIP • 10uA@1V • 900 MHz radio – Al Molnar M.S. • 100kbps, “bits in, bits out” • 20 m indoors • 0.4mA @ 3V

  24. Mote on a Chip, 2009 Zero antenna inductor ~4 mm^2 ASIC crystal battery • Goals: • Standard CMOS • Low power • Minimal external components uP Security SRAM Temp Location Amp Radio ADC Time

  25. Conclusion • 10 years later, a real market emerges • Reliable, low power, standards-based technology is no more expensive than junk • The lowest power radios in the world come from UCB/EECS/BSAC • The best software and algorithms for WSN come from UCB/EECS/BSAC

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