Agenda

2. Agenda • Introduction to Ablerex • Introduction to Harmonics Distortion • Causes of Harmonics • Effects of Current Harmonics Distortion • Ablerex Solution to Harmonics • Q&A

3. Introduction to Ablerex We help the World to a cleaner & more efficient electrical power • Founded in 1990 • Headquarters: Taipei, Taiwan • More than 900 employees Worldwide • Listed in Taiwan Stock Market • 2010 revenues: US$120million

4. Introduction to Ablerex Company Profile: • Record breaking IPO share price when listed in 2009 • First Asian company to research and develop Active Harmonic Filter • Frost & Sullivan award best Global Business Development Strategy Leadership in Harmonic Filter market

5. Introduction to Ablerex R&D Centre – KaohSiung, Taiwan Factory 1 – Taipei, Taiwan Factory 2 & 3 – SuZhou, China

6. This presentation we will deal specifically with: - Harmonics - Excessive Neutral Current (3rd Harmonics, 150Hz) Introduction to Harmonics Distortion

7. v i What is Harmonics? • Generally, electronics equipment drawn current in a non-linear fashion. Especially equipment that utilize switch mode power supply. • These non linear current waveforms are at higher frequency and in multiples of the “fundamental” (50Hz) Frequency (eg. 5th Harmonics = 5 x 50Hz = 250Hz). These multiples waveforms will then integrated onto the fundamental and caused the fundamental waveform to become distorted. • i.e. Harmonics is, Its Frequency Components≠ Fundamental

8. Utility + Impedance Voltage Current Harmonics Non Linear Load -

9. 1) Single Phase Loads: Phase to Neutral Normally equipment consist of Switch Mode Power Supplies. eg. These equipment Generate high 3rd harmonic They contribute to ‘Neutral Currents’ in Electrical System Is L r FL C v R U D • Fax Machines • Copiers Ph N The source of harmonic currents: 2) Single Phase Loads: Phase to Phase eg. Welders, HID lighting Generate high 3rd harmonic whichflow only in the phase conductors.

10. i I Is L1 e1 L2 C e2 Z L3 e3 M The source of harmonic currents: 3) Three-phase loads: a) Rectifiers / Chargers b) controlled Graetz bridges eg. VSD, UPS These equipment generate high harmonic currents of orders 5, 7, 11, 13, …

11. Predominant Harmonics “signature” of some typical non-linear loads

12. Vh =Volt Harmonics Distortion Ih = Harmonics Current feedback Z = Impedance Vh - + Network Z Ih Harmonics problem can be traced to 2 phenomena: 1) Current Distortions 2) Voltage Distortions Note: Current distortions causes Voltage Distortions. Hence, reduce Current distortions will also reduce Voltage distortions

13. Total Harmonics Distortion-Current To measure Current Distortion, we use “THDi” (Total Harmonics Distortions Current) THDi is define as: • THDI is a measure of the amount by which a composite Current waveform is distorted from an ideal Sine Wave Eg. Typical 6P UPS Rectifier THDi is 30%

14. Effects of Current Harmonics Distortions • Distorted voltage/Current in distribution networks • Decrease utility/Generator efficiency • Possible damage to capacitor banks due to resonance • Overheating to Electronics Systems causing component failure • Overheating to Neutral Conductor * • Overheating to Transformer* • Nuisance tripping of breakers & protective relay* * Caused by 3rd harmonics in Neutral Conductor – Very CommonProblem!

15. 3rd Harmonics Phenomenon – Transformer Overheating / De-rating Standard transformer does notcancel harmonics! Neutral Current circulating in the delta winding To avoid overheating neutral conductor must be 200% rated, But There is No Such Standard Transformer! Hence Transformer need to be oversized 3rd Harmonis current from each phase add to neutral up to 200%

16. Transformer De-rating for Non-Linear Loads • A Transformer carrying 2/3 non-linear load needs to be doubled in size Sources: (1) BSRIA (2) ANSI/IEEE Std C57.110

17. 3rd Harmonics Phenomenon – Nuisance Tripping of Breaker Nuisance tripping can occur for several reasons: 1)Current circuit breakers being electromechanical devices, They do not sum high frequency components and therefore can trip spuriously 2)The current flowing in the circuit will be higher than expected due to the presence of harmonic currents. The trip settings may therefore be incorrect.

18. 1) Bracing – Eg. Oversized Neutral, Oversized Breaker, K-Factor Transformer or specify limitation of Harmonics produce by equipment 2) Blocking - Eg. Line Reactor (Choke), Isolation Transformer 3) Filtering - Eg. Passive Filter (Tunned L/C Filter) 4) Active Phase Shifting & Canceling - Eg. Active Harmoncis Filter Common Practice and available equipment for Harmonics reduction

19. Advantages & Disadvantages of…. 1)Bracing a) Simple & Easy to apply, specify during design stage, but… • Oversized Neutral is good practice, but Breaker has to be oversized too. Many user specify 200% Neutral rated Breaker but They Do not Exist! This force manufacturer to supply double-size breaker to protect Neutral (eg. 200A for 80A) thus increasing cost! b) K-Factor Transformer is relatively low cost and can prevent overheating problem cause by harmonics, but… They Do Not Reduce or Eliminate Harmonics

20. DIAGRAM (with reactors)  i I Is M e1 C e2 e3 Advantages & Disadvantages of…. 2)Blocking a) Line Reactor (Choke) Mostly use in Motor Drive (VFD), relatively cheap if only 1 or few Motor Drives involved and the Drive load is low but… Not effective enough to reduce harmonics current below the level of causing problem (THDi <5%) when many Drives are presents b) Isolation Transformer Easily available and use simple technology but… They DO NOT remove 5th, 7th, 11th..harmonics. They can only block 3rd & other triple-n harmonics (9th, 15th.. ).

21. Advantages & Disadvantages of…. 3)Filtering Passive Filter (Tuned L/C Filter) is the earliest Harmonics Filter use to eliminate harmonics. It is very low cost and use simple design consisting of Inductors & Capacitors, but… They can only eliminate 1 single offending harmonics For example, a 250Hz tuned Filter can elimiate 5th harmonics only. Require detailed network study to identify the culprit harmonics before designing the correctly tuned filter. May cause Resonance problem if Capacitor banks are use together in the same network. Sensitive to Main Utility Frequency & impedance change

22. Composite + 180o Phase Shifted harmonics =Fundamental A Revolution in Solving Harmonic Distortions >>>Active Phase Shifting & Canceling Method…. …Utilize in Enersine™ Active Power Filter (APF) Technology

23. Utility + Impedance APF Voltage Current Harmonics Non Linear Load -

24. APF Operation Principle – Step 1 Measure the harmonic current from harmonics loads via auxiliary CTs* CTs Ih waveform * 2 CTs for 3W system, 3CTs for 4W system

25. APF Operation Principle – Step 2 Inject the equal amount of harmonic currents in opposite phase to the load CTs If waveform

26. APF Operation Principle – Step 3 The harmonic current of loads is being cancelled and a near perfect sine wave is present (View from Source). Is waveform Note! Enersine APF removes the cause of the problem not the effect

27. Control Module 2U 3U Power Module The Product : • Awarded with USA patent no. 6717465 • Come in Various Capacity & Configurations New Modular Type – 30A/module, 120A/system Floor Standing – 100A, 150A & 200A Wall Mount – 25A & 50A

28. The Product : • Standard unit configurations: • Shunt Connected to Loads • Parallel up to 6 units (Same Capacity) 1 6 2

29. The Product con’t : • Modular Configurations : (1)Vertical parallel > up to 4 x 30Amps per 1 controller (2) Horizontal Parallel > up to 8 systems with Same or Different capacities 30A 60A 90A 120A

30. APF Unique Features Enersine APF offer 2 types of Control Panel Advance LCD panel Simple LED Panel

31. Enersine DATE 2004-07-02 TIME 08:30:00 RUNNING >>>> LOAD RATE 76% INFORMATION METER CONTROL  APF Unique Features con’t Advance LCD panel – only Active Filter in the market with user friendly Blue Back Light display Main Menu View

32. LOAD_SIDE KVA=293.01 Freq= 50.0Hz PF = 0.83 Vrs = 400 V Vst = 398 V Vtr = 400 V THD= 0.06% THD= 0.06% THD= 0.08% Ir = 425 A Is = 425 A It = 425 A THD= 32.44% THD= 32.37% THD= 32.39% In = 387 A APF Unique Features con’t Parameters Display Viee

33. WAVEFORM_VIEW ------------------------- ------------------------- WINDOW 1 = Ir(S) WINDOW 2 = Ir(L) APF Unique Features con’t Waveform Display View

34. SPECTRUM_VIEW VIEW= Ir(L) H05 = 6.54% THD = 32.44% Freq = 50.0Hz 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 APF Unique Features con’t Spectrum Display – Up to 31st order

35. APF Unique Features con’t Events Log – Up to 300 events

36. APF Unique Features con’t Enersine APF allows 2 different CTs configurations to meet various site conditions: APF o/p CT APF o/p CT 1 - Load Sensing (Open Loop) 2 - Source Sensing (Close Loop)

37. Product Features VS Benefits

38. Although Active Filters can be located in a variety of places, it’s best to locate as close to harmonic source as possible – For Cost effectiveness APF UPS APF Motor

39. Application Case Study Generator 800kVA Supplied UPS 300kVAusing Enersine 150A APF To achieve: • Clean Harmonics from UPS • Input Pure Sine-wave • Perfect Voltage Waveform • Stabilize Generator • Reduce Losses of Generator

40. Ch1(red) : Supply Voltage, THDV=17.4% Ch2(blue): Supply Current, THDI=24.5% Application Case study con’t – When Enersine Off (Waveforms at Source)

41. Application Case study con’t – When Enersine ON (Waveforms at Source) Ch1(red) : Supply Voltage, THDV=3.1% Ch2(blue): Supply Current, THDI=2.3%

42. Application Case Study Con’t - Test Results Test Result Vs: Source Voltage, Ihar: Harmonic Current(rms) Harmonic Attenuation Ratio = 137/9 = 15.2

43. Application with various brands of VFD – Without Enesine

44. Application with various brands VFD (motor drive) – With Enersine

45. Sizing of Enersine APF (1) Determine if the goal is to reduce harmonics • from a particular equipment (use 3W APF) such as Rectifier or VFD, • or to reduce the requirement for 200% rated neutrals (use 4W APF) in a electrical network.

46. Provide us the Data of that particular equipment:- a) Equipment Rating - KVA/kW/Horse Power b) Max. Operating Current (if available) c) Overall Efficiency d) Existing THDi % e) Operating Voltage f) Input Choke Rating (For VFD only) Alternatively, for Quick selection (Budgetary purpose):- For UPS = 50% of UPS capacity. Eg. 100Kva UPS use 50A APF For VFDwith i/p Choke = 100% of VFD Horsepower. Eg. 100Hp use 100Amp APF For VFD without i/p Choke = 150% of VFD Horsepower. Eg 100Hp use 150Amp APF Sizing of Enersine APF (2) – To use with 3Wire Equipment

47. 1). For Existing Network, We/Our Distributor provide on site Harmonic measurement 2). For New Building/Distribution Network – Rule of Thumb – (i) 30% of Main Breaker Rating for multiple IT (switch-mode Power supply) Loads (ii) 50% of Main Breaker Rating for combinations of IT Loads, VFD & Electronics Lightings 300A TPN MCCB 90 APF Sizing of Enersine APF (3) – To use with 4Wire (Neutral) Electrical Network (Distribution Boards)

48. Enersine APF Installed Base… • 6 Storey New Microsoft office, S’pore • Credit Agricole New Office, S’pore • BNP New Office, S’pore • Power Seraya Habour Front Office, S’pore • Visa Call Centre, S’pore • Republic Poly Woodland campus • Pikiran Rakyat Press, Indonesia • Gramedia Indonesia • Tai Pin Hospital, M’sia • Utusan Press, M’sia • Putra Jaya Government offices, M’sia • Emerson UPS, S’pore & M’sia • TSMC FAB14, Taiwan • Chung Hwa Telecom, Taiwan • Quanhai TFT LCD Factory, Taiwan And Many more….

49. For more information on this product, please contact Electrotest Ltd on 09 4482600 or email: info@electrotest.co.nz THANKYOU, & HAVE A GREAT DAY!