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Consular matters

Consular matters. Diplomatic and Consular Law. introduction. Consular relations – carried out by consuls Consul - no universally acceptable definition - differs from a diplomat ( level of business , nature of work , importance of protection ) .

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Consular matters

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  1. Consularmatters Diplomatic and ConsularLaw

  2. introduction • Consularrelations – carriedout by consuls • Consul - no universallyacceptabledefinition - differsfrom a diplomat (levelofbusiness, natureofwork, importanceofprotection)

  3. Evolutionofconsularlaw and relations • Proxenity (in theGreek city states) fromthe 6th century BC • Praetorperegrinus(in the Roman Empire) fromthe 3rd century BC • theterm´consuls´ (consulesmissi) firstusedforvenetianofficials in Constantinopl (Byzantium) in the 12th century • ´capitulations´ between western nations and Turkeyafter 1453

  4. Evolutionofconsularlaw and relations • strenghteningthe role ofconsulswiththeexpansionofindustry and maritimetrade • greatnumberofbilateralconsulartreaties (France and Spain, 1769) – theonlysourceofconsularlawup to 20th century • codification: 1928 Havana Convention on ConsularAgents (regional); 1963 VCCR; 1967 EuropeanConvention on ConsularFunctions(CE, notyet in force)

  5. Establishmentofconsularrelations • On thebasisofmutualconsent • Dependance on diplomaticrelationsisrelative • Recognitionof state isrequired • Slovak practice in Kosovo (Consulardpt. ofEmbassy in Belgrad + Liaison Office in Pristina)

  6. Consular post – members • Headof a consular post (GC/C/VC/CA) + • Otherconsularofficers (consularstaff) = consularofficers • Consularemployees • Servicestaff

  7. Consular post - types • 2 types(according to categoryofheadofthe post): - consulate - honoraryconsulate • 4 classes(according to rankofheadofthe post): - consulate-general - consulate - vice-consulate - consularagency

  8. Consular post – types • Practiceofthe SR: + consulardpt. withintheembassies + onlygeneralconsulates (9) – Shanghai - Munich - Krakow - BékesCsába - S. Peterburg - LA; NY - Istanbul - Uzhgorod

  9. Consular post – size • Depends on bilateralagreement • Ifthereisnone Art. 20 (criteriaofreasonability + circumstances)

  10. Appointmentof a consul • Nominationof MFA ofsending State + requestadressed to receiving State • Officialauthorisation – exequatur • Appointment by MFA - Commission/otherdocument • PresentationtheCommission to MFA ofreceiving State = thedayoftakingupofficialfunction • Persona non grata /notacceptable

  11. Exequatur • Officialauthorisationof RS (analogy to agrément) • RS mayrefuse to grant it (withoutgivinganyreason) • provisionaladmissionispossible (whilewaitingfor) • Thedateofgrantingdeterminesseniority and precedence

  12. Consularfunctions • Defined in Art. 5 of VCCR (basicallyadministrative) • Carriedoutwithin a consulardistrict - wholeterritoryof RS - a part ofterritory - more thanone state

  13. Consularprotection • Fundamentalconsularfunction • Conditionofnationalityof SC /of EU Member • State ofemergency • Involves: - assisting or repatriatingthedistitute - helpingnationals in thecaseof arrest/detention - tracingtherelatives - visiting in hospital • Importantnotificationdutyof RC (Art. 36) – breached by US in LaGrandCase (ICJ 2001)

  14. Privileges and immunities – consular post • Useofnationalflag and emblem • Inviolabilityofpremises(notabsolute) • Exemptionfromtaxation • Inviolabilityofarchives(´wherevertheymaybe´) • Freedomofmovement • Freedomofcommunication

  15. Privileges and immunities – consularofficers • Personalinviolability • Immunityfromjurisdiction • Exemptionfromregistrationofaliens • Exemptionsfromworkpermits • Socialsecurityexemption • Exemptionfromtaxation • Exemptionsfromcustomduties • Exemptionsfrompersonalservices and contribution

  16. Terminationofthefunctionof a memberofa post • On notificationmade by the SS • On withdrawaloftheexequatur • On notificationmade by the RS (persona non grata) • By death

  17. Thankyouforyourattention. Dr. Michaela RIŠOVÁ 2011/2012 michaela.risova@flaw.uniba.sk

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