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Chapter 4: Matter

Chapter 4: Matter. Atomic Structure, Isotopes, Periodic Table, Valence Electrons. Matter. Anything that has volume and takes up space everything in the physical world that surrounds you is composed of matter States of Matter: solid liquid gas plasma. Elements.

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Chapter 4: Matter

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  1. Chapter 4:Matter Atomic Structure, Isotopes, Periodic Table, Valence Electrons

  2. Matter • Anything that has volume and takes up space • everything in the physical world that surrounds you is composed of matter • States of Matter: • solid • liquid • gas • plasma

  3. Elements • All matter is made of substances called elements • element: substance that cannot be broken down into simplier substances by physical or chemical means.

  4. Atom • The smallest portion of an element that retains its chemical properties is called an atom. • Composed of subatomic particles • Proton: carries a positive (+) charge • Neutron: uncharged particle (neutral) • Electron: carries a negative (-) charge • The nucleus contains the protons and neutrons.

  5. Let’s Put It All Together…

  6. Atoms and the Periodic Table Atomic Number Symbol Name Atomic Mass Atomic number equals the number of __protons____ or _electrons__. Atomic mass equals the number of ___protons___ + __neutrons____. *the mass of the electrons is ignored because it is so small

  7. Let’s Practice: AtomsFamily

  8. Isotopes • Elements that have different number of neutrons but the same number of protons are called isotopes. • this change in neutrons does not affect the chemical characteristics  the mass of the atom IS affected. • Carbon (atomic # 6) has a mass of 12 and normally has 6 N . • Isotope of Carbon has a mass of 14 and 8 N  this isotope is called Carbon 14. • Videos: 1, 2 • The nuclei of some isotopes are unstable and decay  this process emits energy (radiation).

  9. Visualizing Atoms • Energy Levels: zones around nucleus where electrons are likely to be found • Simplest rules: 2, 8, 8, 18 • True 2, 8, 18, 32 filling rules learned in Chemistry • Valence electrons: electrons in outermost energy level • Determines chemical behavior • Predicts how elements will behave with others • Elements with same number of valence e-behave in similar ways • Bohr model

  10. Energy Levels and Valence Electrons Number of Electrons Illustration Energy Level

  11. Complete Energy Level Sheet!

  12. How are elements organized?(Review your Energy Level Worksheet. What trends did you notice?

  13. Trends in the Periodic Table • Valence electrons increase across rows; least most stable • Elements with same # of VE down columns

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