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Comparative study of S&T cooperation of the ERA countries with BR, IN and RU Dr. Ales Gnamus, IPTS

Joint Research Centre (JRC). Comparative study of S&T cooperation of the ERA countries with BR, IN and RU Dr. Ales Gnamus, IPTS 8 October 2009. IPTS - Institute for Prospective Technological Studies Seville - Spain http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

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Comparative study of S&T cooperation of the ERA countries with BR, IN and RU Dr. Ales Gnamus, IPTS

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  1. Joint Research Centre (JRC) Comparative study of S&T cooperation of the ERA countries with BR, IN and RU Dr. Ales Gnamus, IPTS 8 October 2009 IPTS - Institute for Prospective Technological Studies Seville - Spain http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ http://cordis.europa.eu/erawatch/

  2. Information on Data Collection • Basis: Commission’s communication “Investing in Research: An action plan for • Europe”, Council’s invitation to apply the OMC & CREST WG to facilitate • a mutual learning process among MS &ACon the national policy • approaches to the internationalisation of S&T towards third countries • Means: Questionnaire to give the overview of MS’ &AC’S&T policies / experiences • with regard to their cooperation withBR, IN & RU (BIR countries) • Dates: Sent to 32 CREST members 10 March - Deadline 10 April, extended 17 Nov. • Return of questionnaires: response (by 17 November 2008) ~75% MS&60% AC • 23 completed 20 MS: AT,CY,CZ,DE,DK,ES,FI,FR,GR,IE,IT,LT,LV,NL,PL,PT,RO,SE,SI,UK • 3 AC: CH,NO,TR • 1 partially filled MS: BE*(Flanders only!) regardingINonly! • Not responded: 7 MS: BE, BG, EE, HU, LU, MT, SK;and 2 AC: IS, LI;

  3. Contents* • Drivers of International S&T Cooperation with BIR • Policy Measures, Actors & Cooperation Framework with BIR • Agreements, Tendencies, National Strategies for int. of S&T policies, Institutions/Actors promoting cooperation & Trends in cooperation • 3. Challenges & Transnat. Coordin. Challenges / Experiences regarding internationalization & Joint Approaches / Actions of MS/AC’s S&T policies towards BIR • 4. Comparative Analysis and Benchmarking • 5. Conclusions & Recommendations from comparative analysis *Note: The analysis/assessment is based on the responses to the CREST WG questionnaire and ISI Web of Science.

  4. Ad.1 Drivers of International S&T Cooperation with BIR - I Q2: Major Objectives of governments’ S&T cooperation with BIR * *Note: Objectives presented by the increasing level of cooperation! A) Exchange of Information & Cooperation with major players in specific res. areas in support of better quality R&D and economic growth (life sci., biotech, ICT, transport, energy, environ.) + economic & cultural ties B) Mobility & Exchange of researchers for better use of available skills/resources C) Joint bilateral/multilateral research projects/programmes(FP7)& res.cooperation networks D) Institutional Collaboration - long-term basic research/education E) Implement International strategies & serve global challengesi.e.Millennium Dev. Goals F) Technology exchange in high-tech sectors with industrial/commercial applications& support to Innovation potentials & national innovation systems G) Strategic Partnerships to access special resources & large markets for high-tech products

  5. Ad.1 Drivers of InternationalS&T Cooperation with BIR - II • Q3: Main Instruments to promote/support S&T cooperation with BIR * • *Note: Instruments presented by the increasing level of cooperation! • Exchange of S&T Information- Embassy & researcher contacts, Seminars, W-shops, Congresses, Forums, Conferences, Sci.&Tech. Symposia, Fact finding missions, SME support & other bilat.agreed activities (MoUs) • Mobility & Exchange of Scientists- Res. Fellowships & Scholarships, incl. mutual recognition of certificates • Joint Research Projects- Joint calls, Cooperation in spec.areas Res./Edu. & EU Progr. incl. Disseminat. of results • Joint Research Programmes- Framework setting & Progr. coordination, incl. Sci. & Acad. Networks • Joint Research Institutions- Inst. Partnerships based on Evaluation, Extended Agreements & Joint Committees • Joint large-scale Research Infrastructures & Facilities- jointly funded/utilised • Joint Innovation/Knowledge Clusters & Business cooperation - incl. Res. Marketing & IPR settings • Global Strategic Partnerships Marks the most versatile instruments reported (>4 instruments) to support S&T cooperation with BR, IN or RU! Note:BE*=Data for Flanders only!CY, LV– No instruments as no cooperation reported! - not defined or not reported; (#) Instruments under discussion!

  6. Ad.1 Drivers of International S&T Cooperation with BIR- III • Q4: Main Thematic Priorities for S&T cooperation with BIR • N=21 N=23Note: BE=Data for Flanders only!N=22

  7. knowledge clustering knowledge exchange Ad.1 Drivers of Int.S&T Coop. with BIR– Assessment Methodology Model ranking Instruments/Development Phases of International S&T Cooperation 8 Comprehensive Strategic Cross-Policy/Sector Partnerships 7 Innovation / Knowledge Clusters 6 Joint Infrastructure Investments 5 Institutional Cooperation Level of Strategic Approach to S&T Cooperation Programme Cooperation & Coordination 4 3 Project Cooperation Mobility & Exchange of Scientists 2 1 Exchange of S&T Information 0 No Instruments - No Cooperation Degree of Networking

  8. knowledge clustering knowledge exchange Benchmarking of ERA c. by reported Instruments to support S&T Cooperation with Brazil Brazil N=22 Level of Strategic Approach to S&T Cooperation Degree of Networking

  9. knowledge clustering knowledge exchange Benchmarking of ERA c. by reported Instruments to support S&T Cooperation with India India N=24 Level of Strategic Approach to S&T Cooperation Degree of Networking

  10. knowledge clustering knowledge exchange Benchmarking of ERA c. by reported Instruments to support S&T Cooperation with Russia Russia N=22 Level of Strategic Approach to S&T Cooperation Degree of Networking

  11. Ad.1Drivers of Int. S&T Cooperation with BIR– Conclusions • Objectives: • ± similar for the International S&T Cooperation with all 3 countries • Instruments: • - knowledge clustering = the biggest MS + developed AC (CH,NO); • - considerable variations between BIR; • - most MS at knowledge exchange level; • C) Thematic Priorities of S&T Cooperation:not very different with each country • BR: Energy & Renewables, Biotechnol., Environ., Agri / Food, Health • IN: ICT, Biotechnol., Energy, Environ., Health, Nanotechnol., Materials • RU: Energy, Biotechnol., Space, Environ., Nanotechnol., Materials

  12. Ad.1Drivers of Int. S&T Cooperation with BIR– Benchmarking Benchmarking of ERA countries by the Instruments to support S&T Cooperation with BIR India N=24 Level of Strategic Approach to S&T Cooperation Brazil N=22 Russia N=23 Degree of Networking

  13. Ad.2 Policy Measures, Actors & Coop. Framework - I • Q1: Promotion of S&T cooperation with BIR & Cooperation Agreements • N=22 N=24Note: BE*=Data for Flanders only! N=22

  14. Ad.2 Policy Measures, Actors & Coop. Framework- II • Q5: General Tendencies of governments regarding S&T cooperation with BIR • N=20 N=24Note: BE*=Data for Flanders only!N=21

  15. Ad.2 Policy Measures, Actors & Coop. Framework- III • Q6: Strategic Initiativesto strengthen bilateral S&T cooperation in thepast 3 years • N=21 N=23Note: BE*=Data for Flanders only!N=21 • Less defined(AT,BE*,DK,ES,GR,LT,NL,PT,SI): MoUs, Joint Events (W-shops, Missions, Visits, etc.) • Well defined (DE, FI, FR, IT, UK): Strategic Partnerships, Earmarked Funding, Actions Plans, ERA Nets, Field-specific Forums, S&T Centres & Offices, Scholarships, Executive Protocols, Specific Common Programmes & Cooperation Agreements

  16. Ad.2 Policy Measures, Actors & Coop. Framework- IV • Q7:Strategic Initiativesto strengthen bilateral S&T cooperation in thenext 5 years • N=21 N=23Note: BE*=Data for Flanders only!N=21 • Less defined (BE*,DK,ES,FI,GR,IE,LV,LT,PL,PT,SI): Targeted visits, Joint Events, Meetings,etc. • Well defined (AT,DE,FR,IT,CH,NO): Inter-ministerial cooperation, Dialogue for Sustainability; Joint Science Funds, Joint Councils on Economic, Industrial, Financial & Development Cooperation, Executive Programmes; Establishment of S&T Offices; Strategic Priority Res. Programmes, Joint labs, Common Infrastructure Funding, Strategic Partnerships;

  17. Ad.2 Policy Measures, Actors & Coop. Framework- V • Q8: Existence of General Strategy towards BIR • N=17 N=23Note: BE*=Data for Flanders only!N=19 • Less defined (AT,BE*,CZ,DK,FI,LV,LT,PL,PT,SE): Action Plans for expanding collaboration, etc. • Well defined (DE,ES,FR,IE,IT,SI,UK,CH,NO): S&T cooperation on the areas of common interest and economic importance, Development of Joint Research Projects, Action Plans, Geographic Committees searching for synergies, Strategic Partnerships.

  18. Ad.2 Policy Measures, Actors & Coop. Framework- VI • Q9: Existence of Institutions/Actorspromoting S&T/education cooperation withBIR • N=21 N=23Note: BE*=Data for Flanders only!N=22 • Less defined (BE*,ES,FI,IE,IT,NL,SE,SI,CH): Attaches at Embassies & other diplomatic missions, • Associations, Business support offices, Investment agencies, etc. • Well defined (DE,FI,FR,UK,NO): Attaches at Embassies, Science Foundation’s & Academic Exchange Services’ Branches, Represent. offices of companies (FinPro), Foundations, Societies, Associations; Research & University Centres;

  19. Ad.2 Policy Measures, Actors & Coop. Framework- VII • Q12: Evaluation of S&T cooperationwith BR, IN & RU within thepast 3 years* • N=21 N=24Note: BE*=Data for Flanders only!N=21 • * Note: The slide only reports on the info officially given by the CREST WG representatives on internationalization of S&T within the country questionnaires analysed! It does not imply that no other evaluation of S&T cooperation with these countries was performed by any of the ERA countries i.e. in the frame of ERA-Nets or other projects.

  20. Effective Coop. Framework Policy Measures underdeveloped developing well established Ad.2 Policy Measures, Actors & Coop. Framework- VIII Systematisation of Initiatives, Tendencies, Trends & Strategies for Int. Cooperation 8 Joint Strategic Framework with Target Country Ref. Q13: Examples of S&T coop. 7 Regular Impact Evaluation of Policy Measures Ref. Q12: Evaluation of S&T coop. 6 Public S&T Cooperation Support in Target Country Ref. Q9: Actors promoting S&T coop. in the targeted country 5 National Strategy for Int. Cooperation, incl. S&T Ref. Q8: General Strategy towards BIR Level of Strategic Approach to S&T Cooperation 4 Strategic Initiatives to Strengthen Cooperation Ref. Q6&7: Strategic Initiatives past 3yrs / next 5yrs 3 Cooperation Agreements & Promotion of Coop. Ref. Q1: Promotion Coop. & Active Coop. Agreements 2 Ad-Hoc Initiatives /Tendencies to Enhance 1 Ad-Hoc Initiatives / No Tendencies Ref. Q5: Tendencies for S&T Cooperation with BIR 0 No Initiatives / No Tendencies Cooperation Status

  21. Effective Coop. Framework Policy Dynamics & Measures Ad.2 Policy Measures, Actors & Coop. Framework- IX Methodology - Benchmarking of ERA countries by Policy Measures & Coop. Framework Q13: High Added value examples of coop. Yes 8 No 0 Institut. producing Joint Hi-Tech Commercial Applications Q12: Evaluation of S&T coop. in the past 3 yrs. Yes: 7 No: 0 S&T Cooperation based on Evaluation Q9: Actors / Institutions promoting S&T coop. in BIR Yes: 6 +1 (if well defined) No: 0 Institutions for S&T Cooperation Developed Q8: General Strategy towards BIR / incl. S&T Yes: 5 / 5 No: 0 / 0 National Strategy for Int. Cooperation, incl. S&T Added Value of Cooperation Q6&7: Strategic Initiatives past 3yrs / next 5yrs Yes: 4 / 4 No: 0 / 0 Strategic Initiatives to Strengthen Cooperation Q1: Promotion of S&T Coop. / Active Coop. Agreements Yes: 3 / 3 No: 0 / 0 Cooperation Agreements & Promotion of Coop. Q5: Tendencies for S&T Cooperation with BIR Enhance: 2 No tendency / Reconsider: 1 Reduce: 0 Initiatives &Tendencies Cooperation Status

  22. + Effective S&T Coop. Framework High dynamic cooperat., Syst. Policy Measures supporting S&T Coop. Low dynamic cooperat., Ad-Hoc Policy Measures supporting S&T Coop. less developed developing established Benchmarking of ERA c. by Policy Dynamic/Measures & S&T Cooperation Framework with Brazil Brazil N=20 Level of Strategic Approach to S&T Cooperation Cooperation Status

  23. + Effective S&T Coop. Framework High dynamic cooperat., Syst. Policy Measures supporting S&T Coop. Low dynamic cooperat., Ad-Hoc Policy Measures supporting S&T Coop. underdeveloped developing established Benchmarking of ERA c. by Policy Dynamic/Measures & S&T Cooperation Framework with India India N=24 Level of Strategic Approach to S&T Cooperation Cooperation Status

  24. + Effective S&T Coop. Framework High dynamic cooperat., Syst. Policy Measures supporting S&T Coop. Low dynamic cooperat., Ad-Hoc Policy Measures supporting S&T Coop. underdeveloped developing established Benchmarking of ERA c. by Policy Dynamic/Measures & S&T Cooperation Framework with Russia Russia N=20 Level of Strategic Approach to S&T Cooperation Cooperation Status

  25. Ad.2Policy Measures, Actors & Coop.Framework– Benchmarking Benchmarking of ERA countries by Policy Dynamic/Measures & S&T Coop. Framework with BIR India N=24 Level of Strategic Approach to S&T Cooperation Brazil N=20 Russia N=20 Cooperation Status

  26. Ad.3 Challenges & Transnational Coordination – I Q10/11: Important Challenges/Experiencesregarding S&T cooperation withBIR A) Cultural/knowledge/lang./psychological barriers & different interests due to country size B) Political & bureaucratic obstacles/limitations, specific rules & complex legislation Visa applications,taxes & customs limitations by exchange of scientific material/instruments C) Different approach to S&T setting/funding & avoidance of domination in negotiations Different support political structures, non-compatible funding instruments & scarce funds for cooperation on the side of BIR D) Strengthening academic ties & joint participation to the EU programmes Variable quality of R&D partners, Universities & Res. Institutes-importance of personal contacts! E) Enhancing “added value” cooperation / initiatives in additional research fields economic exploitation of synergies, scientific quality & knowledge-based innovation/industry F) Mobility, esp. two way mobility Facilitate mobility towards EU & ensure MS’ national financial support for talented students G) IPR & Technology transfer, PPP & Joint exploitation of research results H) Specific res.areas(i.e.energy&renewables)ERA-Nets, INCO-Nets, EU-RU Common Space for SEC

  27. Ad.3 Challenges & Transnational Coordination – II • Q13: Examples of S&T cooperation with BIR and their success (+/-) * • Mobility – bilaterally funded- Research Fellowships & Higher Education co-operation • Joint Res. Projects/Programmes- incl. Applied Res. & Framework Programme co-operation • University & Res. Institutes cooperation/co-publications- incl. Sci.& Acad. Networks • Centres / Networks of Excellence- incl. Joint Labs, Virtual Science Centres & supp. liaison offices • Exchange of S&T information - lighter forms of cooperation (Seminars, W-shops, Congresses, direct contacts of researchers, etc.) • JointRes. Infrastructures & Large Facilities - utilisation & co-funding • Joint Patents, Knowledge Exchangeincl. Business co-operation, Technology Exchange Networks & Innovation Forums • Cooperation at Governmental Level & Research funding organisations’ co-operation • Note: Negative experiences • reported on a negative • scale! *Note: Instruments are presented by the decreasing numbers of reporting!

  28. Ad.3 Challenges & Transnational Coordination – III • Q14: Support*for Enhanced Coordination or Joint Approaches / Actions of • MS/AC towards BIR • N=15 N=21Note: BE*=Data for Flanders only!N=21 • * Note: The reasons for not supporting joint approach might be of different nature – i.e. specific coordination schemes of a certain country’s cooperation with BR, IN or RU, legal arrangements within their MoUs, etc.

  29. Ad.3 Challenges & Transnational Coordination – IV • Q14a: Issues for Joint Framework Settingsfor MS/AC S&T activities withBIR • - Horizontal Measures • N=17 N=19Note: BE*=Data for Flanders only!N=17

  30. Ad.3 Challenges & Transnational Coordination – V • Q14b: Topics for coordinated multilateral S&T cooperation of MS/AC with BIR • - Scientific Areas • N=18 N=20Note: BE*=Data for Flanders only!N=19

  31. Ad.4 Comparative Analysis & Benchmarking - I • Q6 & Q7: Trends in Initiatives to strengthen bilateral S&T cooperation with BIR • Note: BE*=Data for Flanders only! Note: GR*=Initiatives still under negotiation! AT CY CZ AT CY CZ CY CZ CY CZ CY CZ IE CY CZ IE DK GR IE DK GR IE PT PT UK LT PL LT PL TR LV RO LV LT RO TR LV RO AT BE* DE LV AT BE* DE ES RO LV DE ES AT DE LT LV AT DE DK ES FI DE DK ES FI FR IT FI FR IT DK ES FI DK ES FI FR GR IE FI FR GR PT SE SI PT SE SI FR GR IT FR GR* IT IT LT NL IE LT NL UK UK PL RO SI PL SI PT RO SE PT SE SI CH NO CH NO UK CH NO SI UK UK CH NO TR CH NO CH NO TR

  32. Expected Impact of S&T Cooperation Framework of ERA countries with Brazil Diversified Coop.Instruments, Systematic Policy Measures + Effective S&T Coop.Framework Expected Impact = HIGH Brazil N=22 Diversified Coop. Instruments, Medium Dynamic Cooperation, Systematic Policy Measures Expected Impact = MEDIUM Level of Strategic Approach to S&T Cooperation Basic Coop. Instruments, Low Dynamic Cooperation, Ad-Hoc Policy Measures Expected Impact = LOW Intensity of Cooperation = S&T Cooperation Policy Index

  33. Expected Impact of S&T Cooperation Framework of ERA countries with India Diversified Coop.Instruments, Systematic Policy Measures + Effective S&T Coop.Framework Expected Impact = HIGH India N=24 Diversified Coop. Instruments, Medium Dynamic Cooperation, Systematic Policy Measures Expected Impact = MEDIUM Level of Strategic Approach to S&T Cooperation Basic Coop. Instruments, Low Dynamic Cooperation, Ad-Hoc Policy Measures Expected Impact = LOW Intensity of Cooperation = S&T Cooperation Policy Index

  34. Expected Impact of S&T Cooperation Framework of ERA countries with Russia Diversified Coop.Instruments, Systematic Policy Measures + Effective S&T Coop.Framework Expected Impact = HIGH Russia N=22 Diversified Coop. Instruments, Medium Dynamic Cooperation, Systematic Policy Measures Expected Impact = MEDIUM Level of Strategic Approach to S&T Cooperation Basic Coop. Instruments, Low Dynamic Cooperation, Ad-Hoc Policy Measures Expected Impact = LOW Intensity of Cooperation = S&T Cooperation Policy Index

  35. Ad.4Comparative Analysis & Benchmarking– V Comparison of Intensity & Expected Impact of S&T Cooperation of ERA countries with BIR India N=24 Level of Strategic Approach to S&T Cooperation Brazil N=22 Russia N=23 Intensity of Cooperation = S&T Cooperation Policy Index

  36. Ad.5Conclusions/Recommendations from Comparative Analysis • Output Indicators for Assessment of Performance of ERA Countries’ S&T Cooperation with BIR • Assessment of Joint Scientific Performance of ERA countries with BIR • 3. Benchmarking of ERA Countries’ Input-Output Flows in S&T Cooperation with BIR • 4. Benchmarking of S&T Cooperation Policy Efforts and their Relevance vs. Performance in Practical S&T Cooperation • 5. Conclusions & Recommendations from Comparative Analysis

  37. Ad.5Conclusions/Recommendations from Comparative Analysis-I Output Indicators for Assessment of Performance of ERA Countries’ S&T Cooperation with BIR Comparison of total No. of co-publications of ERA countries & major world economies with Brazil Brazil Total No. of co-publications (Avg. 2005-2007) Countries Note: No. of co-publications of CY and LI with BR = 0, therefore not displayed in the Log-scale graph!

  38. Ad.5Conclusions/Recommendations from Comparative Analysis-II Output Indicators for Assessment of Performance of ERA Countries’ S&T Cooperation with BIR Comparison of total No. of co-publications of ERA countries & major world economies with India India Total No. of co-publications (Avg. 2005-2007) Countries Note: No. of co-publications of LI with IN = 0, therefore not displayed in the Log-scale graph!

  39. Ad.5Conclusions/Recommendations from Comparative Analysis-III Output Indicators for Assessment of Performance of ERA Countries’ S&T Cooperation with BIR Comparison of total No. of co-publications of ERA countries & major world economies with Russia Russia Total No. of co-publications (Avg. 2005-2007) Countries Note: No. of co-publications of LI with RU = 0, therefore not displayed in the Log-scale graph!

  40. Ad.5Conclusions/Recommendations from Comparative Analysis-IV Assessment of Joint Scientific Performance of ERA countries with BIR INPUT (S&T Cooperation Policy Index) vs. OUTPUT (Co-publications) of ERA countries with Brazil Brazil N=22 INPUT high - OUTPUT high INPUT low/medium OUTPUT above average/high OUTPUT - No. of co-publications with BR (Avg. co-publications 2005-2007/1M population) INPUT low - OUTPUT low INPUT high - OUTPUT below average INPUT = S&T Cooperation Policy Index (Intensity of Cooperation)

  41. INPUT (S&T Cooperation Policy Index) vs. OUTPUT (Co-publications) of ERA countries with India India N=24 INPUT high - OUTPUT high OUTPUT - No. of co-publications with IN (Avg. co-publications 2005-2007/1M population) INPUT medium/high - OUTPUT medium INPUT low OUTPUT medium INPUT low/medium OUTPUT low INPUT high - OUTPUT low/below average INPUT = S&T Cooperation Policy Index (Intensity of Cooperation)

  42. INPUT (S&T Cooperation Policy Index) vs. OUTPUT (Co-publications) of ERA countries with Russia Russia N=23 INPUT medium/high - OUTPUT high INPUT low OUTPUT medium/high OUTPUT - No. of co-publications with RU (Avg. co-publications 2005-2007/1M population) INPUT medium - OUTPUT above average/medium INPUT low OUTPUT low/medium INPUT medium/high - OUTPUT low/below average INPUT = S&T Cooperation Policy Index (Intensity of Cooperation)

  43. Importance of INPUTS (Policy Index & GERD) vs. OUTPUT (Co-publications) of ERA countries with Brazil Brazil N=22 High INPUT OUTPUT = No. of co-publications with BR (Avg. co-publ. 2005-2007/1M population) Leaders in S&T Cooperation with BR by OUTPUT Soft INPUT = S&T Cooperation Policy Index Medium INPUT Low INPUT Hard INPUT = GERD as proxy of S&T SystemDevelopment (M EUR/1M population)

  44. Importance of INPUTS (Policy Index & GERD) vs. OUTPUT (Co-publications) of ERA countries with India Leaders in S&T Cooperation with IN by OUTPUT India N=24 High INPUT OUTPUT = No. of co-publications with IN (Avg. co-publ. 2005-2007/1M population) Soft INPUT = S&T Cooperation Policy Index Medium INPUT Low INPUT Hard INPUT = GERD as proxy of S&T SystemDevelopment (M EUR/1M population)

  45. Importance of INPUTS (Policy Index & GERD) vs. OUTPUT (Co-publications) of ERA countries with Russia Russia N=22 Leaders in S&T Cooperation with RU by OUTPUT High INPUT OUTPUT = No. of co-publications with RU (Avg. co-publ. 2005-2007/1M population) Medium INPUT Soft INPUT = S&T Cooperation Policy Index Low INPUT Hard INPUT = GERD as proxy of S&T SystemDevelopment (M EUR/1M population)

  46. Thank you for your Attention Dr. Ales Gnamus, Knowledge for Growth E-mail:Ales.Gnamus@ec.europa.eu IPTS - Institute for Prospective Technological Studies Seville - Spain

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