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Language Functions, Text-categories and Text-types

Language Functions, Text-categories and Text-types. According to Buhler, the three main functions of language are the expressive, the informative (he called representation) and the vocative (appeal) functions. . Expressive Function.

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Language Functions, Text-categories and Text-types

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  1. Language Functions, Text-categories and Text-types According to Buhler, the three main functions of language are the expressive, the informative (he called representation) and the vocative (appeal) functions.

  2. Expressive Function • The main core of this expression is the mind of the speaker, the writer, the originator of the utterence. Utterence is to express the feeling irrespective of any response. The characteristic of expressive text-types are: • Serious imaginative literature (scientific, textbook, notices) • Authoritative statements (commercial, paper, propaganda) • Autobiography (industrial, article, publicity) • Personal correspondence (Economic, memorandum, popular fiction)

  3. Informative function • The core of this informative function of language is external situation, the facts of a topic, reality outside language, including reported ideas or theories. • The purpose of this informative function is concerned with the topic of knowledge and literary subject. • The format of an informative text is often standard: a textbook, a technical report, an article in a newspaper or a periodical, a scientific paper, a thesis and agenda of a meeting.

  4. Vocative Function • The core of this vocative function of language is the readership. The use term ‘vocative’ for the reader is to act, feel, or think, in fact to react by the text. • This vocative function of language has many names such as, conotive, instrumental, eperative and pragmatic.

  5. The Aesthetic Function • This is language designed to please the senses through its actual or imagined sound and its metaphor. • The rhythm, balance and contrast of sentence, clauses and words also play their part.

  6. The Phatic Function • This function is used for maintaining friendly contract with the addressee rather than for imparting foreign information. • Apart from tone of voice occurs in the form of standard phrases or phaticismsuch as in spoken language, ‘How are you?’, ‘You know’, ‘Are you well?’, ‘Have a good week-end’, ‘See you tomorrow’, ‘Lovely to see you’.

  7. Metalingual Function • This metalingual function indicates a language’s ability to explain, name, and criticiseits own features. • If the language is specific and out of context, there are some translations that will be used for translating a difficult text: Literal translation (Nearest TL equivalents) Faithful Translation (Contextual Meaning) Semantic Translation (Aesthetic Value) Adaptation (Plays comedy and poetry) Free Translation (Translating the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original) Idiomatic Translation (Reproducing the message) Communicative (Rendering the exact contextual meaning both content and language)

  8. Basic Sentence Pattern • Simple Sentence • The manager is a manager of a company • Three young robbers are arrested Sentence subject predicate

  9. Linking Be • /The man/ is /an electric engineer (Lelakiituseoranginsinyurelektro) • /The roses/ are/ very interesting to see/ (mawar-mawarmerahitusangatmenarikuntukdilihat)

  10. Linking Verb • The linking verbs followed by adjectives are seem (tampak), appear (tampak), look (tampak), feel (merasa), get (menjadi), smell (berbau), taste (rasanya, terasa), become (menjadi), sound (kedengaranya), grow (tumbuh, menjadi), keep (tetap, tinggal), remain (tetap). • Examples: The hot metal becomes a bit wider (logampanasitumenjadisedikitlebihlebar) The blooming flowers smell nice (Bunga-bunga yang merekahituberbauharum)

  11. Intransitive verb (without object) The verb like arrive, come, go, sleep, sit don’t need object. Examples: • The director of the company arrived ten minutes late. • Many accidents often happened at this junction. S + Verb + Adverb

  12. Transitive verb (need an object) • The verbs like buy, give, sell, bring, take, read, write, make, send, expand, pay, offer need an object. • Examples: • Sun microsystemexpands its market to Asian countries. • The sun gives out ultra violet ray to the earth

  13. Introductory “IT” • It has a function as a subject. It shows like times, months, days, seasons, distances, and years. Examples: It is Saturday. it is very cold in winter. It takes five miles to walk. It can be replaced by using to infinitive or clause. examples: To do the test is very easy who comes first is the winner That you are beautiful is true

  14. Introductory “There” Example: Thirty students are in the classroom. = There are thirty students in the classroom. A car is in the garage.= There is a car in the garage.

  15. The African elephant weighs between six to seven tons. • There are five processes in the rating in the rating of TV. • Container in the graveyards can be a potential source for the spreading of DHF to man. • The modern romance languages include the national languages Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Rumanian. • Today the development of information technology is extremely fast. • Washing machine has greatly helped housewives lessen their burden at home.

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