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Department of Chemistry CHEM1020 General Chemistry Summer/2006

Department of Chemistry CHEM1020 General Chemistry Summer/2006 *********************************************** Instructor: Dr. Hong Zhang Foster Hall, Room 221 Tel: 931-6325 Email: hzhang@tntech.edu.

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Department of Chemistry CHEM1020 General Chemistry Summer/2006

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  1. Department of Chemistry CHEM1020 General Chemistry Summer/2006 *********************************************** Instructor: Dr. Hong Zhang Foster Hall, Room 221 Tel: 931-6325 Email: hzhang@tntech.edu

  2. CHEM1020/General Chemistry/Summer, 2006_________________________________________Chapter 9. (L5)-Organic Chemistry • Today’s Outline ..Alcohols ..Phenols ..Ethers

  3. Chapter 9. (L5)-Organic Chemistry • Hydroxyl group …Review of electronic structure of hydroxyl group, -OH Valence electronic structure of -OH: .. ·O:H .. -OH has one single unpaired electron available for bonding .. -OH is much like H or Cl in this way: ·H, ·Cl: ..

  4. Chapter 9. (L5)-Organic Chemistry • Alcohols …Alcohols are the hydrocarbons with one or more of H(s) replaced by –OH group(s) R-OH, their names are based on corresponding alkanes Examples of alcohols CH3-OH, or CH3OH, methanol CH3CH2-OH, or CH3CH2OH, ethanol CH3CH2CH2-OH, or CH3CH2CH2OH, 1-propanol

  5. Chapter 9. (L5)-Organic Chemistry • Multifunctional Alcohols …Some Alcohols have more than one –OH group HO-R-OH, Examples of multifunctional alcohols HO-CH2-CH2-OH, or HOCH2CH2OH, ethylene glycol CH3-CH-CH2, propylene glycol | | OH OH CH2CH-CH2, | | | OH OH OH, glycerol

  6. Chapter 9. (L5)-Organic Chemistry • Alcohols …Methanol (methyl alcohol) the simplest alcohol also called wood alcohol, once made of wood modern industrial production: CO(g) + 2H2 = CH3OH a solvent, a chemical intermediate, can be used as a replacement for gasoline in automobiles

  7. Chapter 9. (L5)-Organic Chemistry • Alcohols …Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) the simplest alcohol also called grain alcohol, can be made of grains via fermentation yeast C6H12O6 = 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 Industrial production: CH2=CH2 + H2O + acid = CH3CH2OH industrially made ethanol cannot be used in beverages by law because of toxic impurities such as methanol

  8. Chapter 9. (L5)-Organic Chemistry • Alcohols …Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) gasoline in many parts of USA has up to 10% of ethanol from fermentation because of a large surplus of corn a solvent, a chemical intermediate, can be used as a replacement for gasoline in automobiles

  9. Chapter 9. (L5)-Organic Chemistry • Toxicity of alcohols …alcohols are generally toxic methanol can be oxidized in the living body to formaldehyde (HCHO). Drinking as little as 1 oz or ~30 mL or 2 table spoonfuls of methanol can cause blindness and even death 1 pint or ~500 mL of pure ethanol, rapidly ingested, will kill most people. alter brain cell functions, nerve damage, shorten life span, affecting babies from drunk mothers

  10. Chapter 9. (L5)-Organic Chemistry • Multifunctional alcohols …ethylene glycol is the main ingredient in many permanent antifreeze mixtures Propylene glycol is now used as a safer permanent antifreeze, not poisonous Glycerol is a sweet, syrupy liquid made as a by-product from fats during soap manufacture. It is used in lotions to keep the skin soft and as food addictive to keep cakes moist.

  11. Chapter 9. (L5)-Organic Chemistry • Phenols …Phenols are the organic compounds in which one or more –OH is attached to a benzene ring: benzene ring-OH, OH antiseptic, germicidal …Hydroquinone HO-benzene ring-OH, a common photographic developer

  12. Chapter 9. (L5)-Organic Chemistry • Ethers …Ethers are organic compounds with alkyl groups attached to the same oxygen atom: ROR, or ROR’ Examples: CH3CH2OCH2CH3, diethyl ether, or simply ether a solvent, highly flammable, anesthetic with side effects such as nausea and vomiting New anesthetic ethers: Neothyl, methyl propyl ether, CH3OCH2CH2CH3, Penthrane, methoxyflurane, CHCl2CF2OCH3,

  13. Chapter 9. (L5)-Organic Chemistry • Ethers …MTBE CH3 | CH3-O-C-CH3 | CH3 methyl tert-butyl ether, CH3OC(CH3)3 it was added to gasoline as an antiknock agent and to reduce emission of CO in automotive exhaust gas a pollutant

  14. Chapter 9. (L5)-Organic Chemistry Quiz Time Which of the following is an alcohol (a) CH3CH2OCH2CH3; (b) CH3OCH2CH3; (c) CH3CH2OH; (d) CH3CH3.

  15. Chapter 9. (L5)-Organic Chemistry Quiz Time Which of the following is a phenol (a) CH3CH2OCH2CH3; (b) CH3OCH2CH3; (c) CH3CH2OH; (d) -OH.

  16. Chapter 9. (L5)-Organic Chemistry Quiz Time Which of the following is an ether (a) CH3CH2CH3; (b) CH3OCH2CH3; (c) CH3CH2OH; (d) -OH.

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