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Case Study: Hawaiian

Case Study: Hawaiian. LING 345/640G Yuko Otsuka. In your opinion, what was the major factor that caused the decline of the Hawaiian language?. more. Discuss some problems that the revitalization of Hawaiian was confronted with. more.

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Case Study: Hawaiian

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  1. Case Study:Hawaiian LING 345/640G Yuko Otsuka

  2. In your opinion, what was the major factor that caused the decline of the Hawaiian language? more

  3. Discuss some problems that the revitalization of Hawaiian was confronted with. more

  4. Discuss the history of pūnana leo and its role in the revitalization of Hawaiian.

  5. What is ‘Ahahui ‘Ōlelo Hawai’i? What is its function in the revitalization of Hawaiian?

  6. In your opinion, to what extent has the Hawaiian revitalization effort been successful?

  7. In your opinion, how ‘alive’ is Hawaiian now?

  8. What needs to be done to secure the safety of Hawaiian in the future? What would be most effective in making and/or keeping the language alive?

  9. Early Period • Missionaries chose to use Hawaiian instead of teaching the natives English • No effort to ban Hawaiian • 1867 Punahou (school for the children of chiefs) added Hawaiian to the curriculum • Older missionaries oppose to the idea of introducing English to public schools

  10. On the Other Hand Hawaiians wanted to learn English, making “a connection between the English language and the power and material wealth displayed by those who spoke it” (Schutz 1994: 340)

  11. Position of Hawaiian Education Weakened • Drastic decrease in population due to imported diseases • Increase in the number of immigrant laborers from a number of different language backgrounds • Difficulty of producing materials in vernacular • Teacher training in Hawaiian was difficult

  12. 1887 Kamehameha School forbade the use of Hawaiian on the school grounds 1893 Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom 1896 School law made the use of Hawaiian in schools illegal History

  13. Decline of Hawaiian Language • Radical decline in the number of Hawaiian-language schools: 150 in 1880 0 in 1902 • 1903, “those who spoke only Hawaiian found it difficult to find jobs, a reversal of the situation thirty years earlier, when foreigners needed to learn Hawaiian in order to do business” • 1917, “there is no child under 15 years of age who can converse correctly in the mother tongue of this land”

  14. Again, note: The decline is due to “the desire of the Hawaiians to have their children taught the English language” (Schutz 1994: 352) back

  15. 1978 Constitutional amendment and related legislation established Hawaiian, along with English, as official languages of the State of Hawaii 1986 The restriction against the Hawaiian language in public schools was removed More History

  16. Reintroducing Hawaiian in Education 1923 Kamehameha School introduced Hawaiian as a subject actors leading to language loss 1962 version of School Laws include explicit instructions as to the time allotted to Hawaiian in particular schools 1966 English Standard Schools were abolished 1921 UH started to offer Hawaiian

  17. On The Other Hand • There was strong opposition from the parents and the project was abandoned • The lack of qualified instructors was a serious problem (UH)

  18. Renaissance • An increase in tourism and more interest in Hawaiian music was responsible for the revival (Henry P. Judd 1939) • In the late 1930s, the increased interest in Hawaiiana seems to have come mainly from outside the Hawaiian community itself • UH enrolment in Hawaiian language courses increased: 27 in 1961-1962 1,277 in 1992-1993

  19. Pūnana Leo Maori Ngaa koohanga Reo ‘language nests’ for pre-school children • In 1983 a small group of Hawaiian speaking educators formed the ‘Aha Pūnana Leo to reestablish Hawaiian medium education. • Family run preschools to assist the few families trying to revive Hawaiian in the home. • The first language nest school opened in Kaua‘i in 1984.

  20. Kula Kaiapuni Hawai‘i 1987 A pilot Hawaiian Language immersion Project for kindergarten to grade1 students at two elementary school sites. 1988 The Immersion Pilot Project extended to grade 2. 1989 A limited K-6 program with transition to English during upper elementary grades. 1995 Board approval of establishment of two K-12 sites.

  21. And Now… • In 1992, 131 children enrolled • In the 1999-2000 school year, there are approximately 2,000 students enrolled in programs back

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