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Pubh enviro

Pubh enviro. Samar musmar. Routes of Exposure. Types of Air Pollutants. Types of Air Pollutants. Air pollution. Types of air pollution: Particulate— cigarette,fuel combustion— resp less able to defence —carcinogenic ( benzpyrine )

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Pubh enviro

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  1. Pubh enviro Samar musmar

  2. Routes of Exposure

  3. Types of Air Pollutants

  4. Types of Air Pollutants

  5. Air pollution • Types of air pollution: • Particulate—cigarette,fuel combustion—resp less able to defence—carcinogenic (benzpyrine) • Metal fumes—gaseous metal oxides—occupational—e.g welding– acute metal fume syndrome(metal fume fever)– ZnO ,CuO,others—arsenic,berylium,lead,mercury • Gases—ozone—acute &ch changes—resp infections, NO2—bronchochonstriction &respinf SO2--++ inf & asthma CO—asphyxia • Dusts—ch lung dse coal dust,silicadust,asbestos,occupational asthma

  6. Outdoors/indoors • Factors:where pollutant is released,nature of pollutant,size of air space,rate of air exchange • Outdoors—examples—fuel combustion—products dilution? Vertical mixing • Air inversion– e.g a fatal smog—pennsylvania 1948 • Indoor—microorg,allergensmolds,aerosol • Sick building syndrome—multifactorial • Most common and most serious--??

  7. The Stack Effect

  8. Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants

  9. More Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants

  10. Smoking/role of clinician • Education • Smoke free env for children • ++ ban smoking in public areas • Elected--politics

  11. Water pollution • What is potable water—no harmfultypes or levels of mo ,chemtoxins,dissolved metals ,or radioactivity and safe for human consumption • Sources of potable waters: • Surface water—lakes rivers • Protected surface reserviors—safest 2. Ground water--aquifiers

  12. Water treatment • Filtration—slow/rapid sand filtration Slow sand filt large bed of packed sand—on which—organic material (schmutzdecke) ?? Rapid sand filt– flocculant is used(alum aluminium sulfate) added to water before filtration—coagulates & traps suspended material Flocculant removed periodically by baclk flushing Chemical filtration process—e.g activated carbon

  13. 2. addition: Chlorine—mo Flouride– level ??

  14. Water System Facts

  15. Simplified Flowchart of Drinking Water Treatment

  16. Sewage treatment • Biochemical oxygen demand:quantity of O2 depleted by areobic bacteria from water in a given amount of sewage • Chemical oxygen demand: industrial waste • Goals for tx: • Primary sewage tx—basin(long) –settle—top=bottom(sludge) • Secondary sewage tx– water aerated—activated sludge—treated sewage water(effluent)

  17. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5)

  18. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5)

  19. Simplified Flowchart of Wastewater Treatment

  20. Solid waste • Domestic • Industrial • Radioactive • Sanitary landfills • Recycling • Burning

  21. Electromagnetic radiation • Effect—proportional to energy • High energy—ionizing radiation—gamma,xray—premature aging • Low-energy--Nonionizing radiation—infrared, radar,microwave,radio,magnetic,uv--??effect

  22. Terminology • Rad(radiation absorbed dose)—unit of amount of energy absorbed by tissue • Rem(roentgen equivalent man)—difference of energy absorbed by different sources of radiation although having same rad.e.g alpha radiation--radon • 1gray(Gy)=100 rads • 1 sievert(Sv)=100rems

  23. Biological effect of radiation • Effect—how much of body is radiated,which parts,how much radiation • Acute effects—large dose(>100rems) • LD50—lethal dose for 50%of adults given whole body radiation=600 rems • 1000rems—100% death • Chronic—difficult to measure

  24. Control of radiation • General methods--↓intensity &duration of exposure,shielding • ↓contact to sunlight--?? • ↓ --microwave • ↓radon exposure • ??nuclear exposure • Nuclear waste

  25. Food • Contamination— • microbes—(bacteria, viruses, parasites) • Bacterial toxins • Residual insecticides,fungicides, or weed killers

  26. Food control • Production • Processing • Storage • Distribution • Transportation • marketing • Preparation • Methods of eleminations—pasterization of milk,proper sanitation,foodhandlers

  27. Food Safety Issues

  28. Environmental vectors of diseases • Arthropod vectors • Malaria, dengue fever(mosquito) • West Nile fever • Specific methods--?? • Travelers--??

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