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CHAPTER IV - LIGHT

CHAPTER IV - LIGHT. Science – IX. Module Objectives. Lens – How Light navigate’s through it ? Concept of Refraction from Curved Surfaces Formation of images in Convex and Concave Lenses Uses of Lenses Rectify defects in Eye sight

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CHAPTER IV - LIGHT

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  1. CHAPTER IV - LIGHT Science – IX

  2. Module Objectives • Lens – How Light navigate’sthroughit? • Concept of RefractionfromCurved Surfaces • Formation of images in Convex and Concave Lenses • Uses of Lenses • Rectifydefects in Eyesight • Working and uses of differentoptical instruments like camera, microscope, telescope and binoculars

  3. Why certain thingshappen? • What causes fascination Rainbow and Mirages? • A coin placed in a glass trough filled with water appears to be slightly higher level than it really is. Why? • A ruler kept inclined and partly dipped in water appears to be bent. Why? ABOVE PHENOMENON IS THAT LIGHT GETS REFRACTED WHEN IT ENTERS A DIFFERENT MEDIUM.

  4. Properties of Light • Light travels in straight lines • Light travels much faster than sound • We see things because they reflect light into our eyes • Shadows are formed when light is blocked by an object

  5. WhatisRefraction? • Refraction is the bending of waves as they pass from one medium to another, due to a change in their speed. • The phenomenon is most commonly associated with light, but can also apply to sound, or even water, waves. • It happens when a series of waves travels toward the new medium at an angle, so that one side experiences a change in speed before the other, causing it to turn toward the slower side in the same way that a moving vehicle will tend to turn if one side is slowed more than the other. • Refraction can cause objects to appear displaced, and may amplify distant sounds. It has many uses in the context of light, such as lenses and prisms.

  6. Lenses – Refraction of Light • Transparent materialpiecewhich has at least one curved surface. • Commonlyusedlenses have twosmoothcurved surfaces • Curved surfaces refract light in a particular pattern • Somelenses converge light and someothers diverge light • Convex Lens – Central portion isthickerthan the edges • Concave Lens – Central portion isthinnerthan the edges

  7. Refraction of Light throughLenses • Light getsrefractedwhenit passes from a denser medium to rarer medium and vice versa • Lens is a transparent, dense r medium • In the ‘Water’ example, Light enters a denser medium (Glass) from a rarer medium and vice versa. Therefore, Light getsrefracted by a lenstwice.

  8. Thin Lens as an Array Of Prisms • ConsiderPrisms to be arrangement of ThinLenses • As convexlensisthicker at the center it looks as thoughitis made by joiningtwoprisms at their bases. • Concave lensisthicker at the edges and henceitappears as thoughitis made by joiningtwoprism at theirverticessothattheir bases are awayfromeachother. • Light rays bend as they do while passing throughprismie.e rays of light bendtowards the base of prism

  9. Thin Lens as an Array Of PrismsContd… • Principal Axis – All Refracted rays bendstowardsthis axis and meet at a specific point • Refracted light fromboth the prismsreach the same point. • Rays that come along the principal axis do not bendevenwhentheygetrefracted • Convergence of Light – Rays of light refractedthrough a convexlensmeet at one point • Convex Lens is a Converging Lens. • Divergent Beam of Light – Rays of light bendtwicewhile passing through concave lens. Separationbetween the refracted rays goes on increasing as the rays move awaysfrom the lens. • Concave Lens is a Diverging Lens.

  10. Someparameterspertaining to lenses – A. Center of Curvature • Centre of Curvature – Each face of a convex or concave lensis a part of sphere. • Centres of Curvature are the centres of those imagines spheres of which the surfaces of the lens are the parts

  11. Someparameterspertaining to lenses – B. Principal Axis • Lens has two center of curvature, one on each of itssides. • Imaginary line joiningthese centres of curvatureis the Principal Axis. • Principal axis is the imaginary line running through the centre of the lens. Here light is neither reflected or refracted.

  12. Someparameterspertaining to lenses – C. Radius of Curvature • Radius of a sphere of which a surface of a lensis a part, is the radius of curvature of the lens. • Radii of the curvature of two surfaces of a convexlens or a concave lens are equal.

  13. Someparameterspertaining to lenses – D. Optic Centre • It is the geometric of the Lens. • The ray of light passing throughthis point emerges in the same direction withoutbending.

  14. Someparameterspertaining to lenses – E. Principal Focus • Principal Focus of Convex Lens • It is a point on the principal axis of a convex lens where parallel beam of light rays, travelling parallel to principal axis, after passing through the lens actually meet. • Principal Focus of Concave Lens • Rays of light parallel to the principal axis enter the lens and getrefracted and thenappear to diverge from a particular point on the principal axis.

  15. Someparameterspertaining to lenses – E. Focal Length • It is the distance betweenoptic centre and principal focus of a Lens.

  16. Rules of Signs in obtaining images by lenses • Focal Length, object and image distance are all measuredfrom the Optic center. • Distance betweenlens and objectisalways positive (+) • Distance of real image isalways positive (+) • Distance of virtual image isalwaysnegative (-) • Focal length of Convexlensiswrittenwith (+) sign • Focal length of Concave lensiswrittenwith (-) sign

  17. Activity • Hold a sheet of paperagainst sunlight • Keep the convexlens in the path of light • Change the lens position till a sharp point of light appears on the sheet of paper • Measure distance betweenlens and white sheet. Whatisthislength? • Whathappens if the lens and sheet of paper are held in this position for long period?

  18. Formation of image in lenses • Images are formedwhen rays of light reflected by an objectmeet or appear to meet at a point after intersection in a lens • Position, size and otherproperties of the image depends on the distance betweenobject and lens as well as nature of the lens • Light rays determine the nature and position of images formed by lenses

  19. Formation of image in lenses – Normal Ray • Ray of light passing through the Optic Center • Light ray that hits a surface at 90 degrees, or perpendicular.

  20. Formation of image in lenses – Parallel Ray • Incident rays parallel to principal axis pass through principal focus of a convex lens • In case of concave lens it appears to emerge from the principal focus after the refraction

  21. Formation of image in lenses – Zero Angle of Incidence • Light ray travels along the principal axis after refraction • If angle of Incidence is zero, then light ray reflects in the same path

  22. Formation of image in lenses – Incident ray of light passing through the principal focus • Convex Lens – Travel parallel to principal axis after refraction • Concave Lens – Travel parallel to principal axis

  23. Formation of image by Convexlens – Image of an object at Infinity • Materials – • Convex Lens • White Screen • Lens stand • Half metrescale • Procedure • Identify distant object which is clearly visible through your class room window. Example - Tree • Place a table in a position where the reflected rays coming from this object are received • Draw a straight line on the table along the direction of these rays • Place a lens holder in this line and convex lens on this holder • Mark mid point of the lens holder on the table to represent optic centre • Obtain the image of the distant object on the white screen placed on the other side of lens • Adjust the screen to obtain sharp image • Mark the position of the base of the screen to represent the position of the image • Notice that the sharp image of the distant object is real

  24. Formation of image by Convexlens – Image of an object at InfinityContd. • Can you explain why it is call real image? • Compare the sizes of the object and image. What conclusion will your draw? • Measure the distance between optic centre and position of the image. • Answer – This is the focal length of the lens

  25. Formation of image by Convexlens – Image of an objectplacedbeyond2F • Materials • Convex Lens • Lens holder • White screen • Candle • Match box • Meter scale • Procedure • Draw a straight line on the table • Place lens holder on this straight line and fix convex lens • Mark the mid point of the base of lens holder on the straight line to represent optic centre • Mark Focus F and 2F on the straight line on both sides of the lens holder • Place burning candle about 3 to 4 cms beyond 2F on the straight line • Place the screen on the straight line on the other side of lens and obtain image on the screen • Move the screen until sharp image is obtained • Mark the mid point of the position of the screen on the table to represent image position

  26. Formation of image by Convexlens – Image of an objectplacedbeyond2FContd. • Can you describe the position and characteristics of the obtained image?

  27. Formation of image by Convexlens – Image of an objectplacedbeyond2F • Objects placed at 2F • Objects placed between F1 and F2 • Objects place at F

  28. Formation of image by Concave lens • Images formed by Concave lens is always VIRTUAL • Parallel and normal rays coming from an object are sufficient to study the image formed by a lens • Parallel rays appear to emerge from principal focus after refraction • Parallel and Normal Ray Do Not Meet after refraction. Hence, image formed is Virtual. • Position of the image is determined by virtual meeting point of Parallel and Normal Rays. • When the object is at infinity the virtual image is formed at principal focus on the same side of incident ray. • Image is very small and erect. • Above image cannot be caught on the screen. Why?

  29. Formation of image by Concave lensContd.

  30. Uses of Lens – Short Sightedness or Myopia • People who can see nearer clearly objects but not far objects are said to have Myopia Defect • In such people, parallel rays of light coming from a distant object get focused at point in front of our eye retina instead of getting focused on the retina • Focal length of the eye lens will be less than the distance between the lens and retina • Above may be due to increased lens thickness or due to elongation of eye ball • This defect is corrected by making the parallel rays of light from distant object made fall obliquely on the eye lens • Diverging or Concave lens has to be used for the above correction • By using a concave lens of suitable focal length the image can be focused on the retina of the eye.

  31. Uses of Lens – Short Sightedness or MyopiaContd.

  32. Uses of Lens – Long Sightedness or Hypermetropia or Hyperopia • People who can see nearer clearly objects but not far objects are said to have Myopia Defect • In such people, parallel rays of light coming from a distant object get focused at point in front of our eye retina instead of getting focused on the retina • Focal length of the eye lens will be less than the distance between the lens and retina • Above may be due to increased lens thickness or due to elongation of eye ball • This defect is corrected by making the parallel rays of light from distant object made fall obliquely on the eye lens • Diverging or Concave lens has to be used for the above correction • By using a concave lens of suitable focal length the image can be focused on the retina of the eye.

  33. Uses of Lens – Short Sightedness or MyopiaContd. • http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Long-Sight-Hypermetropia.htm

  34. Optical Instruments – Construction and Working of Simple CameraContd. • Camera has a metal box which allows light only through the lens • At the end of the box a convex lens of shorter focal length is fixed • Other end of the box has a provision to place photosensitive film • Image formed on the film remains due to photo chemical reaction • Distance between convex lens and the film can be adjusted • Obtain clear image of the object to be photographed by adjusting the bellows • Place the film where the clear image is formed • Operate the camera and obtain the image on the film • Film with the image is processed to obtain photos • It is possible to form real object on the screen using Convex lens. However, the image disappears if the object is removed. Which instrument can make the image remain permanently on the screen even when the object is removed? Images – Google Images

  35. Optical Instruments – Simple Microscope • Watch repairers and goldsmiths use a reading lens to see finer details • This device helps to see and study minute parts and particles which the naked eye cannot • Simple microscope is a convex lens of shorter focal length • Place an object between the lens and its principal focus and observe • Vertical erect and magnified image is formed Images – Google Images

  36. Optical Instruments – Compound Microscope • Two convex lens of different focal length are used in a Compound Microscope • Lens with lesser focal length is used as objective and another lens with larger focal length is used as eye piece • Objective and eye piece are arranged in co-axial tubes to have a common principal axis • Distance between objective and eye piece can also be adjusted • Tiny object to be observed should be placed beyond the principal focus of the objective • Image formed is real, inverted and magnified • Adjust the distance between objective and eye piece to get this image within the focal length of the eye piece • Magnified Image is formed by the eye piece • Objective of the compound microscope forms an image which is magnified • Compound microscope is used to observe and study micro organisms and smaller particles invisible to the naked eye

  37. Optical Instruments – Compound Microscope

  38. Optical Instruments – Telescope • Using two convex lens of suitable focal lengths we can make Compound micrscope • Similarly we can arrange convex lenses and observe distant object – Such device is called Telescope • Telescope can be used to observe distant stars, planets and their satellites – Called Astronomical telescope

  39. Optical Instruments – AstronomicalTelescope • Two convex lens of different focal lengths are used in an Astronomical Telescope • Lenses are mounted in co-axial pipes such that their principal axis is same and the distance between them is adjustable • Lens of greater focal length is called the Objective and the other with lesser focal length is called Eye Piece. • Light rays from a distant object enter the telescope through the objective of the telescope and form the image at the principal focus after refraction • Distance between the objective and the eye piece is now adjusted to get the image of the distant object within the focal length of the eye piece • Virtual magnified image of the object is formed from the eye piece • Image formed by a telescope is always smaller than the object but it brings the image of the distant object closer to the eyes so that it can be studied

  40. Optical Instruments – AstronomicalTelescope

  41. Optical Instruments – Binoculars • It is an optical device used for observing cricket matches, birds, movement of enemies in war field etc. • Binoculars has two telescopes in which total internal reflecting prisms are fixed • Observe a clear image of a distant object, the focal length of the object should be much longer • Normally when the focal length increases the length of the tube is required more • But we do not require longer tubes when prisms are used • Gab between the two eye pieces normally equal to the distance between the eyes • As the distance between two objects increases the field of vision also increases • Binoculars give three dimensional vision and the image is always erect

  42. References • http://www.physchem.co.za/OB11-wav/eye.htm • www.physicsclassroom.com • http://p182063.mittwaldserver.info/en/informations-for-patients/information-on-visual-defects/myopia-short-sightedness/ • Google Images • http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-refraction.htm • http://www.mysciencesite.com/optics.html

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