Do now:

1. Do now: • The Enlightenment Era was important to the development to a modern world. Explain. • Part II • Please come to the board and write your thesis sentence out. My victims selected are: • Garren, Clement, Jerry, Edison

2. Homework • Be able to explain women’s impact on the Enlightenment Movement. • Also, begin to review for finals. • Read Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs, pages 588 – 593 stopping at The Independent Dutch Prosper. Make sure you have notes to be shown either from earlier in the term or new notes if you do not have this already. • We will begin to discuss and review for the final exam

3. Focus Correction Areas • Question: Hobbes and Locke both feel that all humans are born with natural rights; should it be their responsibility to change the government if the government does not respect these rights? • Give your essay to someone else to proof. • Grade the Introductory paragraph in front of you on these points. • 1. Three supporting facts in introductory paragraph (first paragraph). Each supporting fact is numbered in order of importance (30points, 5 points off for each missing supporting fact) • 2. The thesis (main idea) is underlined. (20 points) • 3. Proper use of capitalization (30 points., 2 points off for each incorrect use). • 4. Completed by the start of class Tuesday. (20 points)

4. Focus Correction Areas • The following people come to the board and write out your thesis sentence: • Kyle, Edison, Clement and Garren • Question: Hobbes and Locke both feel that all humans are born with natural rights and should it be their responsibility to change the government if the government does not respect these rights? • Introductory paragraph • 1. Three supporting facts in introductory paragraph (first paragraph). Each supporting fact is numbered in order of importance (30points, 5 points off for each missing supporting fact) • 2. The thesis (main idea) is underlined. (20 points)

5. FCA’s for homework • For homework, continue to work on improving your essay. Same question, but new FCA’s • Question: Hobbes and Locke both feel that all humans are born with natural rights and should it be their responsibility to change the government if the government does not respect these rights? • 1. Introductory paragraph clearly states the three supporting facts which are tied directly to the thesis and they are each underlined. (25 Points) • 2. Each point begins a new paragraph (explain) (25 points) • 3. No personal statements in the introductory paragraph (I, we, our, my,..) (20 points) • 4. 250 word minimum (so type it!) (15 points) • 5. Completed by the start of class Monday. (15 points)

6. Quick review • One famous philosopher went by the “pen name” Voltaire. • Wrote against those that controlled power. Continually demanded the common people get more power and the powerful lose some of their power. • Felt discussions and debates and disagreements were a good thing. Once wrote: • “ I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” • What do you think it (he) meant? • A step further, Burgess was quoted as saying “Without bigots, eccentrics, cranks and heretics the world would not progress.” Meaning?

7. Quick review • A French philosopher felt that England possessed the most balanced, well-govern form of government. In his mind: • 1. The King & Ministers held the executive role. They carried out the laws. • 2. The Parliament – the legislature. They write the laws. • 3. The court system – the interpreted the laws • This system is known in the US as “Separation of Power” aka “checks & balances.”

8. Rousseau • Another great philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau felt freedom was the most important ideal. • He disagreed and clashed with many of the great thinkers of the time. • He felt reason, science and art would help better society and man. • He also felt that society corrupted people’s natural goodness. Much like a child innocent of the world until fully inserted into the world. • He felt for government to truly work, it had to be chosen by the people through free will not force. He felt direct democracy was the goal.

9. Rousseau versus Today • Under his idea, people give up some liberties for the great good. • He wrote a book explaining it called “The Social Contract” • Unlike Hobbes’s Social Contract, Rousseau felt the agreement was among the free individuals to create a society and a government. • Government came from the consent of the of the people being governed. People choose the government, unlike Hobbes where the government and the people both created the “social contract”. • Rousseau felt the people were all equal, title and nobility should be ended.

10. Democracy & Criminal Justice • Does the US or Britain rule through direct democracy? • No, we have a Republic. What is a Republic? • Noun - a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by Representatives chosen directly or indirectly by the people. • Why not direct Democracy? • Beccaria – Focused his energy on developing a fair criminal system of Justice. Laws were to preserve social order, not to be vengeful. • He spoke out against spoke out against social injustice such as torture or harsh punishments or unfair trials. • He laid the ground work for the modern justice system

11. Criminal Justice • Going back to the English Civil War, and Petition of Rights and Habeas Corpus (Latin for “to have the body”). He felt things such as: • 1. Right to a speedy trial • 2. No torture to get a confession • 3. No capital punishment (the Death Penalty) • Governments should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people. • As open as the great thinkers were, they all seemed to keep the status and role of women the same. • Mary Astell published “A Serious Proposal to the Ladies”

12. Women’s role • Mary Astell’s book challenged the thinking of the day by addressing the issue of education for women. • She took advantage of the Enlightenment period to base her beliefs along the same lines as the role of government. Women had a role in society. • If all men are born free should not this include women? Was it man was born free or all humans? • Women such as Mary Wollstonecraft promoted women by spreading the ideas of the Enlightenment period. • Emilie du Chȃtelet, by translating Newton’s work from Latin into French she stimulated interest in science throughout France.

13. Enlightenment Legacy • The era sparked new thinking and opened up the idea of discussion. One did not have to agree with the other person, but it was valuable to hear the opposing viewpoint. • The ear took the best of the ideas and allowed people in and out of Europe to take the best of those ideas and apply them to their government or country. • These ideas sparked changed, often violent change such as the American Revolution or the French Revolution.