Chapter 6

1. Chapter 6 E-commerce Marketing

2. Consumers Online: The Internet Audience and Consumer Behavior • Over 84 million American households (70% of households) will have Internet access in 2009 • Growth rate has slowed • Intensity and scope of use both increasing • (↑usage → ↑comfort & familiarity →↑service to explore) • Some demographic groups have much higher percentages of online usage than others • Demographics to examine include gender, age, ethnicity, community type, income; education

3. The Internet Audience and Consumer Behavior (cont’d) • Broadband audience vs. dial-up audience • Broadband - wealthier, middle-aged, more educated • Purchasing behavior affected by neighborhood • Living near others purchasing from online grocery will increase likelihood of also purchasing by 50% • Lifestyle and sociological impacts • Use of Internet by children, teens • Use of Internet as substitute for other social activities • Media choices • Traditional media competes with Internet for attention

4. Consumer Behavior Models • Study of consumer behavior • Social science that attempts to predict/explain what consumers purchase and where, when, how much and why they buy. • Consumer behavior models • Predict wide range of consumer decisions • Based on background demographic factors and other intervening, more immediate variables

5. A General Model of Consumer Behavior

6. Background Demographic Factors • Cultural: Broadest impact • Subculture (ethnicity, age, lifestyle, geography) • Social • Reference groups • Direct reference groups • Indirect reference groups • Opinion leaders (viral influencers) • Lifestyle groups • Psychological • Psychological profiles

7. The online Purchasing Decision • Psychographic research • Combines demographic and psychological data • Divides market into groups based on social class, lifestyle, and/or personality characteristics • Factors in predicting buying behaviors are • Looking for product information online • Leading a “wired lifestyle” • Recently ordering from a catalog

8. The Online Purchasing Decision (cont’d) • Five stages in the consumer decision process: • Awareness of need • Search for more information • Evaluation of alternatives • Actual purchase decision • Post-purchase contact with firm

9. The Consumer Decision Process and Supporting Communications

10. The Purchase Decision Process

11. A Model of Online Consumer Behavior

12. A Model of Online Consumer Behavior (cont’d) • Decision process similar for online and offline behavior • General online behavior model includes: • User characteristics, skills • Product characteristics • Web site features • Clickstream behavior: Transaction log for consumer from search engine to purchase

13. Clickstream behavior • Understanding the background demographics of Internet users is no longer necessary (account < 5% of observed behavior) • Clickstream behavior of people online very close to the moment of purchase, enable marketers to understand what the consumer was looking for at each moment, and how much they are willing to pay, thus allowing marketers to precisely target their communications. • Clickstream marketing: • Takes advantage of Internet environment • Presupposes no prior knowledge of customer • Developed dynamically as customers browse

14. Most clickstream factors • Number of days since last visit • Speed of clickstream behavior • Number of products viewed during last visit • Number of pages viewed • Number of products viewed • Supplying personal information • Number of days since last purchase • Number of past purchases

15. Shoppers: Browsers and Buyers • Significance of online browsing for offline purchasing and vice versa should not be underestimated • Buyers: 68% online users • Browsers: 12% online users; purchase offline • One-third offline retail purchases influenced by online activities • Online traffic also influenced by offline brands and shopping • E-commerce and traditional commerce are coupled: part of a continuum of consuming behavior

16. Online Shoppers and Buyers

17. What Consumers Shop for and Buy Online • Two groups roughly divide online sales: • Big ticket items: • $500 plus • Travel, computer hardware, consumer electronics • Expanding • Small ticket items: • On average, $100 or less • Apparel, books, office supplies, software, etc. • Sold by first movers • small purchase price (reduce costumer risk) • Physically small (reduce shipping cost) • High margin items (CDs, software) • Broad selection of products available

18. What Consumers Buy Online

19. Intentional Acts: How Shoppers Find Vendors Online • 37% of shoppers use search engines • 33% go directly to site • 17% use comparison shopping sites • 15% use product rating sites • Online shoppers are highly intentional, looking for specific products, companies, services

20. Why More People Don’t Shop Online • Security :44% uneasy about online credit card use • Privacy: 42% have concerns about privacy of data • Shipping costs: 37% dislike shipping charges • Inability to see/touch product: 32% prefer to touch/feel product before purchase • Return policy: 27% find returning a product too difficult • 33% feel no need to purchase online • 21% have not seen anything online interested in buying

21. Basic Marketing Concepts • Marketing: • Strategies and actions firms take to establish relationship with consumer and encourage purchases of products and services • Internet marketing • Using Web, as well as traditional channels, to develop positive, long-term relationship with customers, thereby creating competitive advantage for firm by allowing it to charge higher prices for products or services than competitors can charge

22. Basic Marketing Concepts (cont’d) • Marketing addresses competitive situation of industries, firms • Threat of substitute products or services • Threat of new entrants • Power of customers and suppliers to influence pricing • Nature of industry competition • Marketing seeks to create unique, highly differentiated products or services that are produced or supplied by one trusted firm (“little monopolies”)

23. Basic Marketing Concepts (cont’d) • Feature set • Bundle of capabilities offered by product or service • Commodity • Good or service for which there are many dealers and all products essentially identical, e.g. wheat, steel • Marketing goals: • Avoid pure price competition, products becoming commodities • Limit competition, product substitution • Increase product differentiation • Emphasize nonmarket qualities of product

24. Feature Sets • Three levels • Core product • Core benefit of product • NOT the tangible, physical product • e.g. cell phone, transportation • Actual product • Characteristics that deliver core benefits • tangible, physical product • e.g. cell phone, music player with wide screen that connects through wireless networks to Internet • Augmented product • Includes additional benefits beyond core benefits • the non-physical part of the product (added value) for which you may pay a premium • e.g. product warranty, after-sale support • Basis for building the product’s brand

25. Feature Set (cont.) • The core, actual, and augmented levels of Microsoft’s Windows XP Professional operating software: • Core : a software application that enables a PC to function • Actual : a well-designed, high-quality, branded, and packaged computer operating system that provides a variety of features that are important to the user • Augmented : an operating system software application that offers a series of channel and consumer services. The channel member can obtain favorable pricing and credit terms, training, engineering support, etc. The consumer can get online support, version updates, access to forums and communities, etc.

26. Feature Set

27. Products, Brands and the Branding Process • Brand: • Expectations consumers have when consuming, or thinking about consuming, a specific product • Most important expectations: Quality, reliability, consistency, trust, affection, loyalty, reputation • Branding: • Process of brand creation • Closed loop marketing: • Marketers directly influencing design of core product based on market research and feedback • E-commerce enables unique opportunities for this

28. Products, Brands and the Branding Process (cont’d) • Brand strategy: • Set of plans for differentiating product from its competitors, and communicating these differences to marketplace • Brand equity: • Estimated value of premium customers are willing to pay for branded product versus unbranded competitor

30. Marketing Activities: From Products to Brands

31. Segmenting, Targeting, and Positioning • Major ways used to segment, target customers • Behavioral • Demographic • Psychographic • Technical • Contextual • Search • Within segment , product is positionedand branded as a unique, high-value product, especially suited to needs of segment customers

32. Segmenting, Targeting, and Positioning

33. Are Brands Rational? • For consumers, a qualified yes: • Brands introduce market efficiency by reducing search and decision-making costs • For business firms, a definite yes: • Brands a major source of revenue • Lower customer acquisition cost • Increased customer retention • Successful brand constitutes a long-lasting (though not necessarily permanent) unfair competitive advantage

34. Can Brands Survive the Internet? Brands and Price Dispersion • Researchers initially assumed that Web would result in Web would result in “Law of One Price,” “frictionless commerce” • Did not occur.. • Instead: • Consumers still pay premium prices for products and services they view as differentiated • E-commerce firms rely heavily on brands to attract customers and charge premium prices • Substantial price dispersion – the difference between the highest and lowest prices in a market • “Library effect”: Increased gains where product variety is high

35. The Revolution in Internet Marketing Technologies • Three broad impacts: • Scope of marketing communications broadened • Richness of marketing communications increased • Information intensity of marketplace expanded

36. Internet Marketing Technologies • Web transaction logs • Cookies and Web bugs • Databases, data warehouses, and data mining • Customer relationship management (CRM) systems

37. Web Transaction Logs • Built into Web server software • Record user activity at Web site • WebTrends: Leading log analysis tool • Provides much marketing data, especially combined with: • Registration forms • Shopping cart database • Answers questions such as: • What are major patterns of interest and purchase? • After home page, where do users go first? Second?

39. Cookies and Web Bugs • Cookies: • Small text file Web sites place on visitor’s PC every time they visit, as specific pages are accessed • Provide Web marketers with very quick means of identifying customer and understanding prior behavior • Location of cookie files on PC depends on browser • Web bugs: • Tiny (1 pixel) graphic files embedded in e-mail messages and on Web sites • Used to automatically transmit information about user and page being viewed to monitoring server

40. Firefox Cookies Dialog Box

41. Databases • Database: • Software that stores records and attributes • Database management system (DBMS): • Software used to create, maintain, and access databases • SQL (Structured Query Language): • Industry-standard database query and manipulation language used in a relational database • Relational database: • Represents data as two-dimensional tables with records organized in rows and attributes in columns; data within different tables can be flexibly related as long as the tables share a common data element

42. Data Warehouses and Data Mining • Data warehouse: • Database that collects a firm’s transactional and customer data in a single location for offline analysis by marketers and site managers • Data mining: • Analytical techniques to find patterns in data, model behavior of customers, develop customer profiles • Query-driven data mining • Model-driven data mining • Rule-based data mining • Collaborative filtering

43. Data Mining and Personalization

44. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems • Repository of customer information that records all contacts that customer has with firm and generates customer profile available to everyone in firm with need to “know the customer” • Customer profiles can contain: • Map of the customer’s relationship with the firm • Product and usage summary data • Demographic and psychographic data • Profitability measures • Contact history • Marketing and sales information

45. A Customer Relationship Management System

46. Market Entry Strategies

47. Establishing the Customer Relationship • Advertising Networks • Permission marketing • Affiliate marketing • Viral marketing • Blog marketing • Social network marketing and social shopping • Brand leveraging

48. Establishing the Customer Relationship • Advertising Networks • Present users with banner advertisements based on a database of user behavioral data • DoubleClick: Best-known example • Ad server selects appropriate banner ad based on cookies, Web bugs, backend user profile databases

49. How an Advertising Network such as DoubleClick Works

50. Establishing the Customer Relationship (cont’d) • Permission marketing • Obtain permission before sending consumer information or promotional messages • e.g. opt-in e-mail • Theory: By obtaining permission to send information to consumer up front, companies are much more likely to be able to develop a customer relationship • Consumer need incentives to read promotional material (win prize)