Oceanography Daily 10: Fall 2011

1. Oceanography Daily 10: Fall 2011

2. 1.The Challenger expedition is credited with a. discovering over 4700 new species of marine organisms. b. measuring ocean depths greater than any previously found. c. discovering that major component ions have a constant relative abundance. d. sailing into and investigating all of the world’s oceans. e. all of the above. 2. Early voyagers used a variety of observations to help guide them, including a. their sense of smell. b. cloud formations. c. the appearance of birds. d. the direction of waves. e. all of the above.

3. 3. Select the statement regarding location reference systems that is not correct. A. Lines of latitude parallel each other. B. Lines of longitude all intersect at the equator. C. Lines of longitude are all great circles. D. The equator is the only line of latitude that forms a great circle. 4. The seasons of the Earth are attributed to: A. annual variability in the distance from the Earth to the Sun. B. the length of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. C. the length of time for the Earth to rotate on its axis. D. the tilt of the Earth's axis with respect to its orbital plane around the Sun.

4. 5. Which of the following cartographic relationships is not correct? A. surface elevations, topographic map B. water depth, bathymetric map C. perspective, physiographic map D. water depth, hypsographic map 6. The shape of the Earth is: A. perfectly spherical. B. slightly pear shaped. C. very rough. D. flat.

5. 7. A theory • is always true • is a problem to be solved. • is the opening statement of an experiment • may be revised or replaced 8. Who published the first textbook on oceanography in 1855, The Physical Geography of the Sea? A. Benjamin Franklin B. Matthew Fontaine Maury C. Jacques Cousteau D. Charles Darwin

6. 9. Select the correct order of the four major layers of the Earth, from the innermost to outermost. (SO1) A. core, aesthenosphere, mantle, moho B. inner core, outer core, mantle, crust C. core, crust, lithosphere, mantle D. mantle, crust, mesosphere, aesthenosphere 10.Which of the following statements about the study of the interior of the Earth is incorrect? (SO1) A. The earth's interior has a very uniform density. B. The velocity of seismic waves varies with the density of the material. C. S-waves cannot pass through the liquid outer core. D. Data from seismic waves can be used to produce three-dimensional tomographs.

7. 11. Which statement about the lithosphere is not correct? A. Seismic waves travel more slowly through the aesthenosphere than the lithosphere. B. The lithosphere consists solely of the rigid crustal rocks. C. The Moho is the boundary between the crust and the upper mantle. D. The lithosphere is less dense than the aethenosphere. 12. The principle explaining the variable buoyancy of crustal material is: A. eustasy. B. tomography. C. topography. D. isostasy.

8. 13. Which of the following palaeogeographic relationships is not correct? A. Pangaea, all the oceans B. Gondwanaland, southern continents C. Laurasia, northern continents D. Pangaea, super continent 14. Of the following statements about the Earth's plates, which is correct? A. Oceans are not underlain by plates but by bowls. B. Oceanic plates are comprised of much older rocks than continental rocks. C. New lithosphere is formed at divergent plate boundaries. D. Transform faults are where crust is subducted.

9. 15. Which movement of Earth’s crust dictates that the oceanic crust must be made of a higher density material than continental crust? (SO1b) A. continental drift B. sea floor spreading C. isostatic adjustment D. subduction 16. Overall, the Atlantic Ocean basin is ________ and the Pacific Ocean basin is ________. (SO1b) A. growing, shrinking B. shrinking, growing C. shrinking, shrinking D. growing, growing

10. 17. Spreading centers are different from subduction zones because A. Spreading centers are areas of descending older oceanic lithosphere. B. Subduction zones are areas where new seafloor forms and oceanic lithosphere forms above rising magma. C. Spreading centers are areas where new seafloor forms and oceanic lithosphere forms above rising magma. D. Subduction zones area areas of descending older oceanic lithosphere. E. Both c & d are correct 18. Which of the following is not correct with respect to the hydrologic cycle? • Reservoirs include the atmosphere, oceans, and icecaps. • The hydrologic cycle involves the movement of water between reservoirs. • On a global average, land gives up more water to evaporation than it receives through precipitation. • Climate zones are primarily functions of patterns of temperature, precipitation and evaporation.

11. 19. The gradual slope of the shelf floor steepens rapidly at the: (SO1c) A. continental rise. B. continental slope. C. shelf break. D. abyssal plain. 20. Which of the following statements about the ocean basin floor is not correct? (SO1c) A. Abyssal plains may be separated by high mid-ocean ridges. B. The ocean basin floor includes the continental rise. C. Abyssal hills are scattered over much of the sea floor. D. Guyots are wave eroded former volcanic islands.

12. 21. The transition between the continental shelf and the deep floor is called (SO1c) A. Midocean ridge B. Continental slope C. Shelf break D. Continental margin 22. The flat expanse of an ocean basin is called (SO1c) • A seamount • An abyssal hill • An abyssal prairie • An abyssal plain

13. 23. A small, rounded, submerged hill rising less than 1 kilometer above the sea floor is a(n) (SO1c) • seamount. • abyssal hill. • tablemount. • ping. 24. Bathymetry involves the measurement of the (SO1c) A. depth below sea level. B. density of oceanic crust. C. thickness of oceanic crust. D. height above sea level.

14. 25. The distribution and depth of neritic and pelagic sediment is NOT influenced • depth to ocean floor. • presence or absence of trenches. • proximity to sources of lithogenous sediment. • organic productivity. • none of the above 26. Which type of device is not used to take ocean floor sediment samples? A. dredges B. grab samplers C. piston corers D. acoustic profiler

15. 27. Which is NOT true about pelagic marine sediments? • They tend to be fine grained. • They tend to have accumulated slowly. • Thickness of deposits tends to increase with the age of the deposit. • They tend to be thickest at the mid ocean ridges. 28. More sediment accumulates in ocean basins near passive continental margins because: • passive margins have strong waves which erode more sediment. • the lack of tectonic activity increases sediment production. • trenches located along active margins intercept sediment. • passive margin shorelines have narrower continental shelves so sediment accumulates more rapidly.

16. 29. Residence time is what? • longest in deep ocean and deep groundwater • short in the atmosphere • very long in rivers • all of the above • a and b only 30. Lithogenous sediments are what? • sediment from space • made of detritus • derived from the continents • manganese nodules

17. 31. Which of the following statements does not accurately describe water molecules? • Each of the hydrogen atoms is linked to the oxygen atom by a covalent bond. • Hydrogen bonds link hydrogen atoms in one water molecule to oxygen atoms in another molecule. • Oxygen atoms in a water molecule are negatively charged and hydrogen atoms are positively charged. • The water molecule has a linear arrangement of atoms because the hydrogen atoms repel each other 32. The property of a substance that describes its resistance to motion or internal friction is its a. specific heat. b. viscosity. c. density. d. cohesion. e. surface tension.

18. 33. The three atoms in a water molecule are held together by a. oxygen bonds. b. covalent bonds. c. surface tension. d. hydrogen bonds. e. gravity. 34. Water molecules, even in flowing water, can link together by a. hydrogen bonds. b. covalent bonds. c. ionic bonds. d. super glue. e. none of the above

19. 35. Density of seawater increases as  A. temperature, salinity, and pressure decrease. B. temperature, salinity, and pressure increase. C. temperature increases and salinity and pressure decrease. D. salinity and pressure increase and temperature decreases. E. pressure increases and temperature and salinity decrease. 36. Which processes cause surface seawater to increase in density?  A. sea ice formation B. sea ice melting C. surface water evaporation D. sea ice formation and surface water evaporation E. sea ice melting and surface water evaporation

20. 37. Water heated from below distributes the added heat by _____, whereas the still surface of water heated from above distributes the added heat by ______  A. diffusion; diffusion and conduction B. diffusion; convection C. convection; diffusion and conduction D. conduction; convection E. conduction; diffusion 38. The majority of heat that is transferred from the earth to the atmosphere is transferred by A. radiation of heat into the atmosphere. B. Evaporation of water. C. Absorption by the lithosphere. D. Reflection of heat into space.

21. 39. What is the name for the process by which ice changes directly to a vapor? • melting • boiling • condensation • sublimation 40Sound travels _______ in water than in air. a. faster and farther b. slower and farther c. faster and not as far d. slower and not as far

22. 41. The bending of light passing from air to water is: • defraction. • reflection. • deflection. • refraction 42 The charge of a water molecules is considered A. polar B. positive C. negative D. neutral

23. 43 Select the ion which is not a major constituent of seawater. • A. iodine • B. sodium • C. chloride • D. calcium 44. The following method is not used to accurately determine the salinity of seawater. • A. electrical conductivity • B. chloride concentration • C. light refraction • D. taste

24. 45. If the salinity of ocean water is 36ppt, there are ______ g of salt left from evaporating 2 kg of seawater. A. 9B. 18C. 36D. 54E. 72 46. The depth at which the rate of photosynthesis balances the rate of plant respiration is known as the A. saturation value depth.B. compensation depth.C. gas equilibrium depth.D. photosynthesis cutoff depth.E. None of these are correct.

25. 47. The average salinity of seawater is ___%. A. 35 B. 37 C. 40 D. 45 48. The process of moving carbon from the atmosphere into the ocean depths is known as the • Carbon conveyor belt • Carbon dioxide super sucker • Biological pump • Biological carbon equalizer

26. 49. Sources of oxygen in the open sea include A. the atmosphere.B. photosynthesis.C. respiration and decay.D. the atmosphere and photosynthesis.E. photosynthesis and respiration and decay. 50. Seawater conducts electricity because it contains A. ions.B. gases.C. organics.D. All of these are correct. Please make sure you leave your daily 10’s in class today!

27. 51. The concentration of carbon dioxide _____________ in seawater a. decreases with increasing depth. b. increases with increasing depth. c. is relatively constant. d. has a profile that is similar to that of oxygen. 52. We can compute salinity if we measure a. alkalinity. b. chlorinity. c. pH. d. viscosity. e. productivity

28. 53. The concentration of this ion determines the pH of water. A. CO32- B. Ca2+ C. HCO3- D. H+ 54. The rate at which the oceans absorb CO2 is controlled by all but which of the following? A. transfer of carbon from CO2 to organic molecules B. circulation of deep ocean water C. presence of oxygen

29. 55. The Coriolis effect arises primarily from the  A. curvature of Earth's surface. B. rotation of Earth around its axis. C. rotation of Earth around the sun. D. effect of winds high in the atmosphere. E. motion of the oceans in their basins. 56. Name the four layers of the atmosphere, from the lowest to the highest. A. thermosphere, troposphere, mesosphere, stratosphere B. troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere C. mesosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere D. troposphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, thermosphere

30. 57. The Coriolis Effect is A. The downwelling of seawater at the equator. B. The upwelling of seawater at the equator. C. The apparent deflection of the path of air. D. The reduction of air speed over the ground as one goes from the equator to the poles. 58. Due to the Coriolis Effect, in the Northern Hemisphere, winds are deflected to the _____ of the direction of air motion. A. Left B. Right C. Both a & b are correct D. None of the above

31. 59. The doldrums are found  A. around the poles. B. at 30N and S. C. between the trade winds and the westerlies. D. between the northeast trade winds and the southeast trade winds. E. at 60N and S. 60. Bands of winds blowing toward the equator are called the: A. westerlies. B. doldrums. C. trade winds. D. horse latitudes.

32. 61. Which of these statements is true of carbon dioxide in the oceans? A. It helps to buffer the pH of seawater. B. It is consumed by plants. C. It is produced by animals. D. It is produced by the decay of organic matter. E. All of the above. 62. In the carbon cycle, animals play a fundamental role by: A. Decreasing the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide. B. Increasing the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide as a result of respiration. C. Increasing the amount of carbon dioxide as a result of photosynthesis. D. Decreasing the amount of plant biomass. E. Decreasing it as a result of photosynthesis.

33. 63. If you mix two samples of water with different temperatures and salinities but the same density, you will produce a mixture that has: A) a lower density. B) a higher density. C) the same density as the two samples. D) You cannot predict exactly what will happen 64. Upwelling of deep water: • provides nutrient rich water to marine plant life. • moves very rapidly relative to surface currents. • can be found at surface convergence zones. • is not a thermohaline circulation mechanism

34. 65. Nutrients are reintroduced into the upper reaches of the oceans from deeper areas by the process of: A. Upwelling. B. Downwelling. C. Excretion by animals. D. Sinking of dead organisms. 66. El Nino/Southern Oscillation refers to changes in atmospheric pressure in the A. Pacific ocean. B. Atlantic ocean. C. Indian ocean. D. Southern ocean.

35. 67. True or False? The uneven heating of the oceans between the polar and equatorial regions means that the tropics are getting warmer and the poles are getting colder. 68. True or False? The major wind belts are generated in the lowermost portion of Earth’s circulation cells

36. 69. Large scale ocean surface currents: A. are put into motion by the rotation of the Earth. B. are deflected by the same Coriolis effect as the atmosphere. C. change rapidly with daily weather changes. D. move at the same velocity as the winds that drive them 70. Which of the following describes the patterns of the ocean gyres? A. circulate in a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere B. at latitude 10-15o are driven westward by the trade winds C. are centered over the equator D. at latitude 10-15o are driven westward by the westerlies

37. 71. In the Pacific Ocean, the currents flowing towards the equator are the: A. Kuroshio and California. B. Peru and East Australia. C. California and Peru. D. Benguela and Brazil. 72. Which of the following is not one of the four currents that comprise the South Atlantic gyre? A. South Equatorial B. Benguela C. Agulhas D. Brazil

38. 73. Wind driven open-ocean surface currents: A. move at the same speed as the wind. B. speed up when moving through narrow gaps. C. slow down when moving through narrow gaps. D. transport small amounts of water when compared to rivers. 74. Which of the following is a western boundary current? A. Norwegian B. Canary C. California D. Gulf Stream

39. 75. An imbalance of heat received versus heat leaving the earth can lead to A. Global warming B. Global cooling C. Temperature inversion D. Both a & b are correct 76. If a porpoise and a bat both produce ultrasonic waves when they are 16 m from an object, which animal would hear its echo first and why? A. The bat would hear its echo first because sound travels faster in air than in water. B. The porpoise would hear its echo first because sound travels faster in water than in air. C. The bat would hear its echo first because the amplitude of sound waves is greater in air than in water. D. The porpoise would hear its echo first because the amplitude of sound waves is greater in water than in air.

40. 77. A large spring is stretched horizontally between two people. One person wiggles the spring up and down at one end. The up-and-down vibration then moves along the spring to the other person. Which of the following types of wave is created in the spring? A. pressure wave B. transverse wave C. longitudinal wave D. nonmechanical wave 78. On next slide

41. 78. A string is tied on a spring. Two students then stretch out the spring, as shown below. In which of the following ways does the string move when the students generate a longitudinal wave in the spring?

42. 79. Wave height is the vertical distance from the ____ to the _____. • A. crest, trough • B. crest, period • C. period, trough • D. crest, equilibrium surface 80. Destructive interference occurs as: • A. two waves that are in phase and moving in opposite directions meet. • B. crests of two waves coincide and topple over. • C. troughs of two waves coincide. • D. the crest of one wave coincides with the trough of an oncoming wave.

43. 81. Which of the following is not a wave generating force? • A. a diver jumping in the water • B. a landslide • C. wind • D. gravity 82. When a wave enters shallow water: • A. the fluid nature of water overcomes the frictional resistance of the seafloor. • B. the wave orbits become more circular. • C. the wavelength increases. • D. it slows as it begins to interact with the bottom.

44. 83. Wave refraction is what? • a decrease in wave height associated with shallowing water • the process of breaker development • the way in which waves are modified during storms • the bending of waves as they approach a coastline • all of the above 84. The speed of a surface wave is described by the  A.  wave period divided by wavelength. B. wavelength times the period. C. earth's gravity.  D. square of the depth. E. wavelength divided by wave period.

45. 85. Wave height of wind waves depends on A. wavelength.B. windspeed and duration.C. fetch.D. wavelength and windspeed and duration.E. windspeed and duration and fetch. 86. Speed of shallow water waves is controlled by A. height.B. steepness.C. celerity.D. wavelength.E. water depth.

46. 87. The pulse of energy that causes a wave is A. The generating force. B. The restoring force. C. A result of surface tension. D. A result of gravity. 88. A common generating force in the ocean is A. Wind. B. Gravity. C. Surface tension. D. Capillary action.

47. 89. The steep transition zone between the outer edge of the continental shelf and the deep ocean is the: • continental rise.   • continental slope.   • abyssal plain.   • all of the above. 90. Light is absorbed and scattered by water. As a result, light intensity decreases with depth. This phenomenon is called • light refraction • light minimalization • light attenuation • light Secchination

48. 91. Tides with the greatest range between high and low tide occur as a result of the sun, moon, and Earth being lined up with one another and are called A. Neap tides. B. Spring tides. C. Lunar tides. D. Solar tides. 92. Tides are affected by A. The moon B. The sun C. The rotation of Earth D. All of the above

49. 93. The combination of diurnal and semidiurnal tides produces a ______ tide. A. diurnalB. semidiurnalC. mixed semidiurnalD. standingE. equilibrium 94. The tide may be considered a wave with a wavelength approximately A. the diameter of Earth.B. half the diameter of Earth.C. the circumference of Earth.D. half the circumference of Earth.E. the radius of Earth.

50. 95. ___ tides occur at the first quarter moon. A. MixedB. DiurnalC. SemidiurnalD. NeapE. Spring 96. Tides of large amplitude occurring every two weeks at the new and full moon are called _______ tides. A. equatorialB. neapC. springD. declinationalE. semidiurnal