WATER AND FOOD

1. WATER AND FOOD Charles R. O’Melia Johns Hopkins University omelia@jhu.edu After Alexander Zehnder

2. Sustainability as the Driver of Innovation Alexander J.B. Zehnder

3. Challenges in the Water Area • Waterborne disease, with emphasis on developing countries • Water for agriculture • Water infrastructure • Pesticides, hormonally active agents, pharmaceuticals, etc. • Water and ecosystems

4. 600 Israel Emirates 500 400 Jordan Libya Saudi Arabia 300 Korea Rep Net cereal import [kg/cap/yr] Lebanon Japan Mauritius Tunisia 200 Mauritania Algeria Lesotho Armenia Egypt Yemen Morocco Iran Uzbekistan Korea Dem People's Rep Eritrea Senegal 100 Azerbaijan Sri Lanka Rwanda Togo Malawi Kenya South Africa Benin 0 Niger Turkey Nigeria China Ghana Burundi Ethiopia Zimbabwe Somalia Afghanistan Tanzania Burkina Faso Uganda Syria Pakistan India -100 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Water [m3/cap/yr] Water availability and cereal import comparison between 1980–84 and 1995–99 From Yang et al. 2003

5. Water availability and cereal import comparison between 1980–84 and 1995–99 Adapted from Yang et al. 2003 5

6. Annual water requirement per capita forhousehold, services, industrial activities (average 1990–95)

7. Annual water requirement per person Sufficient > 1700 m3 Water stress 1000 - 1700 m3 Scarcity 500 - 1000 m3 Extreme scarcity < 500 m3 From Falkenmark & Widstrand, 1992 7

8. Water availability and cereal import comparison between 1980–84 and 1995–99 Adapted from Yang et al. 2003 8

9. Estimated annual world water use totaland by sector 1900–2000 From Postel, 1992 9

10. Water needed to produce1 kg of plant material (dry weight) Sorghum 250 Liter Corn 350 Liter Clover 460 Liter Wheat 500 Liter Potatoes 636 Liter Cucumber 713 Liter Alfalfa 900 Liter Rule of thumb: For 1kg of bread 1m3 water is needed 10 Partially from Muller, 1974

11. Meat production Animals convert 5 to 15 % of the energy content of plant material into meat. The average is 10 percent. Rule of thumb: 10 times more water is needed per unit of energy from meat than from plants 11

12. Projection of water availability From Zehnder, 1999 12

13. 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Relationship of water-use efficiency to grain yield Irrigated Dryland Water use efficiency (kg/m3) Y=0.259X – 0.016X2 R2=0.88 From: Musick et al. 1994 Grain yield (ton/ha)

14. Crop yield According to FAO, 2004

15. Situation 2000 From Zehnder, 2002

16. Virtual water flows by regions(average over the period 1997–2001) Unit: cubic km From Yang et al. submitted

17. Situation 2025 From Zehnder, 2002

18. Virtual water as part of a country‘s water resource Israel ET ~8.4 Rain 9.2 Discharge 0.5 External supply 1.03 Virtual water imp. approx. 6.0 Virtual water exp. approx. 0.35 Fossil groundwater 0.2 Desalination 0.21 ET 1.3 Rain 1.7 from Malaysia 0.58 Singapore Desalination 0.15 Virtual water imp. approx. 4.0 Discharge 0.34 Run-off 0.15 Numbers are in km3/yr 18

19. Water (Woda) by Wislawa Szymborska A drop of rain fell on my hand, condensed from the Ganges and the Nile, from the heavenward ascending hoarfrost on the whiskers of a seal, from the water of broken jugs in the cities of Ys and Tyre. On my index finger the Caspian Sea is the open sea, and the Pacific meekly flows into the Rudawa, that very same river that floated as a cloud over Paris in the year of seventeen hundred and sixty four on the seventh of May at three in the morning. There are not lips enough to utter your fugitive names, O water. You were in baptismal fonts and in the baths of courtesans. In shrouds, in love-enshrouded kisses. Eating away at stones, nourishing the rainbows. In the sweat of dew and pyramids, of lilacs. How much lightness there is in a drop of rain. How delicately does the world touch me. Whatever whenever wherever has happened is written on the water of Chicago.

20. Someone was drowning, someone dying called for you. That was long ago and that was yesterday. Houses you extinguished, houses you carried off like trees, forests like towns. Someone was drowning, someone dying called for you. That was long ago and that was yesterday. Houses you extinguished, houses you carried off like trees, forests like towns. Someone was drowning, someone dying called for you. That was long ago and that was yesterday. Houses you extinguished, houses you carried off like trees, forests like towns. You were in baptismal fonts and in the baths of courtesans. In shrouds, in love-enshrouded kisses. Eating away at stones, nourishing the rainbows. In the sweat of dew and pyramids, of lilacs. How much lightness there is in a drop of rain. How delicately does the world touch me. Whatever whenever wherever has happened is written on the water of Babel [Chicago].

21. Conclusions • Water is increasingly becoming an economic driving force. • Economic and political interdependence is growing. • Economic power of less developed countries needs strengthening. • Increased use of herbicides, insecticides, nutrients, genetically modified crops. • Significantly more water reuse can be expected.

22. Environmental problems and their solutions involve complex technological, societal, cultural, economic, and political aspects. • Environmental engineers and scientists must be comfortable traversing both the technical and the complex social terrain. • Environmental science and technology can help to alleviate global environmental crises and contribute to world stability. • We should do much more to save the lives of millions of children who die from easily preventable water-borne diarrheal diseases. Closure

24. 6 great challenges in the water area Water infrastructure(distribution & collection) Good water quality fora growing population Water induced disasters Disaster protection Distribution betweenhumans and ecosystems Solution for waterconflicts and fairwater share for all Enoughfood for all 24 24