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Developing paper topics #1

Developing paper topics #1. http://faculty.washington.edu/swhiting/pols442/442spr12papertopics.pdf China ,leadership, succession. Civil Society in China. Rapid increase of social organizations. Civil Society in China. Facilitating factors Economic reform Work unit society  market society

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Developing paper topics #1

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  1. Developing paper topics #1 • http://faculty.washington.edu/swhiting/pols442/442spr12papertopics.pdf • China ,leadership, succession

  2. Civil Society in China • Rapid increase of social organizations

  3. Civil Society in China • Facilitating factors • Economic reform • Work unit society  market society • Emergence of privately controlled wealth

  4. Civil society in China in comparative context Social organizations per 10,000 population China 2.5 USA 52.0 France 110.0 Argentina 25.0 *Lu Xueyi 2008 Note also: uneven distribution within China East vs. West Rural vs. Urban

  5. Civil Society in China • Significance of civil society in theories of democracy • What are the key assumptions?

  6. Civil society—conceptualization • Civil society • Larry Diamond (1999; cited in Tang &Zhan p. 429) • A sphere of independent group activity • Autonomous from the state • Able to make demands on the state

  7. Civil society and pluralism • Pluralism • A system of interest representation in which • Any group can freely form • To express interests autonomous from state control

  8. Civil society—corporatist limitations • Corporatism • A system of interest representation in which • Only certain groups are licensed by the state • In exchange for limitations on their expression of interests

  9. Civil Society—corporatist limitations • The authoritarian state uses a corporatist approach to • Pre-empt the formation of unapproved interest groups • Coopt the interests expressed by approved groups • Repress the expression of interests outside the control of the state • “Regulations on the Registration and Management of Social Organizations” • Implemented by Ministry of Civil Affairs 1998

  10. Regulations Concerning the Registration and Administration of Social Organizations, 1998 • Article 10 (barriers to entry) • > 50 individual members or > 30 unit members. • standardized name and corresponding organizations • NO duplicates allowed (state occupies existing “space”) • permanent address • staffed with full-time personnel to carry out relevant activities • legal assets and source of funds • national social organization • RMB100,000 (U.S.$12,195) • local social organization • RMB30,000 (U.S.$3,659)

  11. Regulations Concerning the Registration and Administration of Social Organizations, 1998 • Article 11 • approval document issued by the authorities concerned. • identification of the initiators and designated responsible persons

  12. Dual Management System双重管理体系 The ‘Regulation on Registration and Administration of Social Organizations’ (1998) requires: • Sponsoring unit in charge of social organization’s operation (yewu zhuguan danwei 业务主管单位) • The unit of registration, which is the Department of Civil Affairs at different level (dengji guanli jiguan登记管理机关) Effects • Limits the number (if not the development) of registered SOs. • Encourages registration under different systems • profit-oriented companies paying taxes, but this raises other barriers • Unregistered • Political risk

  13. Policy advocacy by social organizations

  14. Probability of Effective Policy advocacy for Social organizations (Logit regression results, based on 3 province survey by CCSS, PKU 2003)  necessity of “embeddedness”

  15. Civil society or corporatism?Case 1: Tiananmen 1989 Wang Dan, Autonomous Students’ Union

  16. Civil society or corporatism?Case 1: Tiananmen 1989 16 • http://www.tsquare.tv/film/gateExcerpts.php

  17. Civil society or corporatism?Case 1: Tiananmen 1989 • Autonomous student union • Suppressed; no multiple organizations allowed • Organizers arrested, sentenced to prison • Wang Dan sentenced to 4 years, paroled early

  18. Civil society or corporatism?Case 1: Tiananmen 1989 • Beijing Workers’ Autonomous Union • Han Dongfang • the promise he had made to the leaders of the Beijing Workers' Autonomous Union before being appointed their leader. • "If the time comes for me to go to prison, I will not wait for them to catch me, but will turn myself in." • Han rode his bicycle back to Beijing, where he reported to police headquarters -- and was sent to prison for the next 22 months.

  19. Civil society or corporatism?Case 1: Tiananmen 1989 • Where is Han Dongfang today? • Impact of Tiananmen experience • Founded China Labour Bulletin, established 1994 • NGO • Dedicated to fighting for workers’ rights in China • Where is CLB located?

  20. Civil society or corporatism?Case 1: Tiananmen 1989 20 • http://www.clb.org.hk/en/

  21. Civil society or corporatism?Case 2: China Democracy Party • Note impact of Tiananmen experience among founders • Wang Youcai, Tiananmen veteran • Graduate Student in Physics, Peking University • Sentenced for counter-revolutionary activity • Detained, imprisoned (1990), paroled (1991)

  22. Civil society or corporatism?Case 2: China Democracy Party 22 • Wang Youcai • 1998 founder of China Democracy Party • Attempt formal, legal registration of opposition political party • Through provincial civil affairs bureau with responsibility for “social organizations” • Invoked Chinese constitution and regulations on social organizations • Invoked signing of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

  23. Civil society or corporatism?Case 2: China Democracy Party • Declared an “illegal organization.” • Wang Youcai sentenced in December 1998 to 11 years' imprisonment for subversion by the Hangzhou Intermediate People's Court. • Paroled for medical reasons 2004 • Co-founder Qin Yongmin served a 12-year sentence for endangering state security in Hubei Province.

  24. Civil society or corporatism?Case 2: China Democracy Party • Criminalization of civil society activists • PRC Constitution • Article 28. The state maintains public order and suppresses treasonable and other counter-revolutionary activities; it penalizes actions that endanger public security and disrupt the socialist economy and other criminal activities, and punishes and reforms criminals. • PRC Criminal Code (1997) • Article 105(2): Use of rumor mongering or defamation or other means to incite subversion of the national regime or the overthrow of the socialist system shall be punished…

  25. Civil society or corporatism?Case 3: Center for Legal Assistance to Pollution Victims Jingjing Zhang, Litigation Director

  26. Impact of Tiananmen Experience

  27. Civil society or corporatism?Case 3: Center for Legal Assistance • Impact of Tiananmen experience motivated Zhang Jingjing to join • Center for Legal Assistance to Pollution victims • Affiliated with China University of Political Science and Law • University provides a kind of umbrella • Couldn’t function outside of university cover • Funded by Ford Foundation • Dependent on international funding • Represents pollution victims in lawsuits • Helps communities organize public hearings on environmental rights and licensing processes. • Has won and lost milestone cases in the Chinese courts • first successful environmental class action suit in China, against a chemical company that discharged toxic substances in Fujian Province. • landmark (but unsuccessful) suit against the Beijing Municipal Commission of Urban Planning and the Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau

  28. Civil society or corporatism?Case 3: Center for Legal Assistance 28 • Jingjing Zhang • Recently left CLAPV for PILI Public Interest Law Initiative (international ngo)

  29. Civil society or corporatism?Case 4: Charter ‘08 29 Who is Liu Xiaobo?

  30. Civil society or corporatism?Case 4: Charter ‘08 • Impact of Tiananmen experience, e.g. Liu Xiaobo (literary critic, video) • Also inspired by Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia(1977) • 200+ intellectuals formed a loose, informal, and open association of people...united by the will to strive individually and collectively for respect for human and civil rights in our country and throughout the world. • Charter ’08 • 300+ intellectuals, elites • freedom of expression • freedom of association • free elections. • coincide with the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Dec’08 • Police harassment of signers • Liu Xiaobo formally charged with inciting subversion June 09

  31. Case 5: Open Constitution Initiative 31 • Founder: Xu Zhiyong • Volunteered to be the defense lawyer for Sun Dawu • Founder of Dawu Group—businessman critical of gov: arrested • Elected twice as a People’s Representative at Haidian District of Beijing • Conducted research on petitioners in Beijing, etc. • In March 2009, OCI prepared to file a collective lawsuit for victims of the milk power poisoning incident, seeking compensation for those who could not afford to hire a lawyer.

  32. Case 5: Open Constitution Initiative 32 • Significant international financial support • In substance, a non-profit NGO • But technically a company, • since organizing as a non-profit NGO is extremely difficult in China • July 2009 slapped with a gigantic 1.42 million yuan fine by the tax authorities for alleged tax violations • Result of international financial support • OCI's leader Xu Zhiyong did not deny the possibility of minor violations. Is more is going on here that just tax problems?

  33. Case 5: Open Constitution Initiative 33 • Xu Zhiyong • Summer 2009 charged with tax evasion; appealed • July 29, 2009 arrested; prompted campaign • Released August 2009

  34. Totalitarianism  Authoritarianism • Single charismatic leader  No charismatic leader • Single dominant party  Single dominant party • Utopian, forward-looking ideology  Nationalist and performance-based ideology • State control over all organized activity  Emergence of non-political private sphere • Mobilized participation  Apathy okay • Popular fear instilled by arbitrary terror end of fear and arbitrary terror no organized opposition allowed

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