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Klein

Klein. Chapter 5. Outline. Biography of Klein Psychic Life of the Infant Positions Psychic Defense Mechanisms Internalizations. Cont’d. Outline. Later Views on Object Relations Psychotherapy Related Research Critique of Object Relations Theory Concept of Humanity. Biography of Klein.

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Klein

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  1. Klein Chapter 5

  2. Outline • Biography of Klein • Psychic Life of the Infant • Positions • Psychic Defense Mechanisms • Internalizations Cont’d

  3. Outline • Later Views on Object Relations • Psychotherapy • Related Research • Critique of Object Relations Theory • Concept of Humanity

  4. Biography of Klein • Born in Vienna in 1882 • Youngest and least favored of four children • Had neither a Ph.D, nor an M.D. • Became an analyst by being psychoanalyzed and through a study of psychoanalysis • Klein's daughter, Melitta, became a psychoanalyst and was one of her mother's most bitter critics • Specialized in analyzing children • Died in England in 1960

  5. Psychic Life of the Infant • Fantasies • Infants possess an active fantasy life • Most basic fantasies are of the “good” breast and the “bad” breast • Objects • Drives have an object • Objects within child’s fantasy world have a life of their own

  6. Positions • Paranoid-Schizoid Position • Tendency to see the world as having the same destructive and omnipotent qualities that the infant possess • Depressive Position • Anxiety over losing a loved object • Sense of guilt for wanting to destroy loved object

  7. Psychic Defense Mechanisms • Introjection • Projection • Splitting • Projective Indentification

  8. Internalizations • Ego • Superego • Oedipus Complex • Male Oedipal Complex • Female Oedipal Complex

  9. Later Views of Object Relations • Margaret Mahler’s View • Developed her theory of object relations from careful observations of infants as they bonded with their mothers during their first three years of life • In their progress toward achieving a sense of identity, children pass through a series of three major developmental stages: • Normal autism • Normal symbiosis • Separation-individuation

  10. Later Views of Object Relations • Heinz Kohut’s View • More than any of the other object relations theorists, he emphasized the development of the self • In caring for infants physical and psychological needs, adults, treat them as if they had a sense of self • The parents' behaviors and attitudes then help children form a sense of self that gives unity and consistency to their experiences

  11. Later Views of Object Relations • Otto Kernberg’s View • Key to understanding personality is the mother-child relationship • Children who experience a healthy relationship with their mother develop an integrated ego, a punitive superego, a stable self-concept, and satisfying interpersonal relations • Children who have poor relations with their mother will have difficulty integrating their ego and may suffer from some form of psychopathology during adulthood

  12. Later Views of Object Relations • John Bowlby’s View • Believed that early childhood attachments to parents have a considerable influence on later personality development • By studying human and other primate infants, he observed three stages of separation anxiety: • Protest, Despair, & Detach • Influenced Mary Ainsworth who has developed techniques for measuring attachment style • Secure, Anxious-resistant, & Anxious-avoidant

  13. Psychotherapy • Encouraged patients to reexperience early fantasies, while pointing out the differences between reality and fantasy • Goal of Kleinian Psychotherapy: • Reduce depressive anxieties and persecutory fears and to lessen the harshness of internalized objects

  14. Related Research • Attachment Theory and Children’s Object Relationships • Kirsh and Cassidy (1997) • securely attached children have better attention and better memory • Attachment Theory and Adult Relationships • Those with secure attachments experience more trust, closeness, and positive emotions in relationships

  15. Critique of Object Relations Theory • Klein’s Theory is: • High on Guiding Action and Internal Consistency • Moderate on Parsimony • Low on Generating Research, Falsifiability, and Organizing Knowledge

  16. Concept of Humanity • Determinism over Free Choice • Equal emphasis on Optimism and Pessimism • Causality over Teleology • Unconscious over Conscious • Culture over Biology • Similarity over Uniqueness

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