Final Exam Preview Question 1

1. Final Exam PreviewQuestion 1 • No doubt, the first Opium War (1839-1942) marks a new page in Chinese history. (East Asia 378-382) Outline the main content of the Treaty of Nanjing (1942) and consequences of the First Opium War. Define extraterritoriality (East Asia 369).

2. The First Sino-British Opium War 1839-1842 A Three-way trade: China, India (source of opium) and Britain The Second Sino-British Opium War “the Anglo-French expedition to China” 1856-1860 “To mend treaties” for more gains Opium Wars 1839～1842; 1856 ~ 1860鸦片战争【Yāpiàn Zhànzhēng】

3. Unequal Treaties • In 1842, the Daoguang道光 Emperor entrusted Qiying 耆英 to conclude a peace treaty with Britain following the First Opium War, and he was chiefly responsible for negotiating and signing the Treaty of Nanking with the British on 29 August 1842. It set the pattern for later treaties known as the "Unequal Treaties" in China.

4. Treaty of Nanjing(Aug. 29, 1842) Nanjing • treaty that ended the first Opium War, the first of the unequal treaties between China and foreign imperialist powers. China paid the British an indemnity, ceded the territory of Hong Kong, and agreed to establish a “fair and reasonable” tariff. British merchants, who had previously been allowed to trade only at Guangzhou (Canton), were now permitted to trade at five “treaty ports” and with whomever they pleased (seeCanton system).

5. The main content ofthe Nanjing Treaty • Cession of Hong Kong • Open four port cities: (Guangzhou), Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningpo, Shanghai; • Indemnity: The total sum of 21 million ounces of silver to be paid in installments over three years and the Qing government would be charged an annual interest rate of 5 percent for the money that was not paid in a timely manner (Article VII).

6. Reparations imposed on China since 1942 (East Asia 388)in the name of justiceTraders or Invaders? • 1. the making of amends for wrong or injury done: reparation for an injustice. • 2. Usually, reparations. compensation in money, material, labor, etc., payable by a defeated country to another country or to an individual for loss suffered during or as a result of war. • 3. restoration to good condition.

7. Consequences of the First Opium War • 1. Reduced China to a semi-feudal/semi-colonial country; • China’s territorial integrity was breached; • 2. Lost Hong Kong to British; • 3. Established the Principle of Extraterritoriality; (see note below) • 4. rid of monopoly of Cohang, a guild in Canton, authorized by the Qing Government • 5. The Treaty of Nanjing set the pattern for other unequal treaties;

8. Question 2What’s in common between the two? • Juxtapose Kangxi’s “Rites controversy” (East Asia 320) with the famous historical moment of cultural misunderstanding between Emperor Qianlong and the British envoy Lord George Macartney (East Asia 325-326). Infer some larger pattern and argue that cultural differences do matter and that lack of empathy leads to endless troubles in human affairs.

9. The Kangxi emperor disagreed with Clement's decree and banned Christian missions in China. • From the Decree of Kangxi (1721): • Reading this proclamation, I have concluded that the Westerners are petty indeed. It is impossible to reason with them because they do not understand larger issues as we understand them in China. There is not a single Westerner versed in Chinese works, and their remarks are often incredible and ridiculous. To judge from this proclamation, their religion is no different from other small, bigoted sects of Buddhism or Taoism. I have never seen a document which contains so much nonsense. From now on, Westerners should not be allowed to preach in China, to avoid further trouble.[

10. Kowtow or not to Kowtow?Cultural Misunderstanding • East Asia 325-326 • Lord Macartney saluting the Qianlong Emperor, 1793. • Arrogance on both sides • 1792/1816, British visitors cold shouldered • Qianlong said we don’t need anything from you…

11. Question 3 • Among other causes that lead to the First Opium War (East Asia 378-380), historians generally agree that the burning of opium (East Asia 379) authorized by Lin Zexu serves as a catalyst that has directly tipped the situation. In Tao Te Ching, Laozi states that “Governing a large state is like boiling a small fish.” Imagine you were Lin Zexue, how would you handle the case differently? One problem lies in that Lin tries to get the situation under control at its end result. What is more effective in the art of management?

12. Alternatives for Lin Zexu? • Instead of burning opium by the Chinese side, turn it over to British? • Double-edged sword: diplomacy and military supremacy • Qing’s bannermen are no match/no strong navy • The art of management: Management needs to be done at the source, not at the end result; • 20/80 rule, importance of leadership training; • Too bad there was no MBA program at the time

13. Question 4 • “The nineteenth century marked the heyday of western imperialism” (East Asia 373). This is based on the notion of social Darwinism championed by Herbert Spencer (East Asia 373). Read “Escape from Asia” (East Asia 428-429) and evaluate the Meiji reform (East Asia 412-427) when Japan adopted ethnocentrism and shifted away from Confucianism. What happened to Japan in 1945?

14. The first war was over the dominance of Korean Peninsula; China lost Taiwan, the biggest treasure island; Japan also invaded three provinces in the NE, but the pie was divided as a result of the triple intervention: Russia, Germany and France; On September 18, 1931, invasion of three provinces in the NE of China, Marco Polo Bridge Incident in Beijing on July 7th, 1937; Full scale invasion of China from 1937-1945; Two Sino-Japanese Wars1894 to 1895; 1937 to 1945

15. The Mukden Incident 九一八事变（又稱瀋陽事變；日本稱满洲事变 was an early event in the Second Sino-Japanese War, although full-scale war would not start until 1937. On September 18, 1931, near Mukden (now Shenyang) in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad owned by Japan's South Manchuria Railway was dynamited. Mukden IncidentSeptember 18, 1931

16. Match or No Match? • Japanese: 20,000 • Chinese troops: • 250,000 stationed in or close by in the region; • The Japanese invasion met no resistance; • Marshall Zhang Xueliang was nicknamed as non-resistant marshall;

17. Role of Chiang Kaishek • His priority was then to fight the CCP • First domestic peace • Then external resistance • Had Zhuang Xueliang resisted, the Japanese invasion could have remained a local occupation; • His reasoning: • Japan’s military supremacy • China’s geographical features will exhaust invaders in the long run;