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ORGANELLE REVIEW

ORGANELLE REVIEW. The cell theory : 1800’s Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in all organisms All cells come from preexisting cells. 2 BASIC TYPES OF CELLS . PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES * bacteria * all other organisms

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ORGANELLE REVIEW

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  1. ORGANELLE REVIEW • The cell theory: 1800’s • Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in all organisms • All cells come from preexisting cells

  2. 2 BASIC TYPES OF CELLS PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES * bacteria * all other organisms * no nucleus * membrane-bound nucleus * no organelles * membrane-bound organelles

  3. 2 BASIC TYPES OF CELLS PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES * primitive * more advanced * simple in structure * more complex * very small (1-10 um) * larger (10-100um) * found everywhere, even in extreme environments

  4. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE • large animals may have 200 different types of cells • similar basic pattern: cell membrane / plasma membrane (P,E) [yellow] • encloses the contents of the cell • controls what goes in & out – selectively permeable • made of phospholipid bilayer w/ proteins embedded

  5. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE nuclear membrane / envelope (E) [white] • surrounds the nucleus • a double membrane w/ pores

  6. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE nucleus (E) [white] a. genetic control center of the cell • contains DNA in genes = units of hereditary info, direct the making of proteins • genes form chromosomes when the cell divides d. contains a nucleolus [light brown] which makes RNA

  7. nucleolus

  8. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE cytoplasm / cytosol (P,E) [pencil] • jelly-like fluid outside the nucleus • contains enzymes to catalyze cell reactions

  9. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE cytoskeleton (E) a. an internal skeleton made of protein fibers b. gives the cell shape & capacity for movement

  10. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE ribosomes (E) [purple] • Made of rRNA • where proteins are made • found on the rough ER + scattered in the cytoplasm

  11. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE ER = endoplasmic reticulum (E) [blue] a. complex network of tubes & channels that specializes in the synthesis & transport of lipids & proteins * Rough ER = studded w/ ribosomes, site of protein synthesis * Smooth ER = no ribosomes

  12. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE Golgi apparatus / Golgi bodies (E) [pink] a. stacks of flattened sacs that sorts & packages cell products for export from the cell b. vesicles store products & move them out of the cell

  13. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE *** ER + Golgi apparatus + vesicles form a connected internal membrane system that act as a highway to direct proteins to target points inside the cell & to the plasma membrane for passage out of the cell ***

  14. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE lysosomes (E) [red] • contain digestive enzymes to break down large food molecules & worn out cell parts • some break down invading bacteria • found in animal cells

  15. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE vacuoles (E) [light green] a. fluid-filled structures surrounded by a membrane b. contain enzymes, salts, pigments c. store nutrients & wastes d. regulate the water content of cells (paramecium) e. huge in plant cells - ~90% of the volume

  16. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE mitochondria (E) [orange] • the powerhouse of the cell • site of cellular respiration, makes ATP • more numerous where there’s high energy requirements such as muscles • consist of an outer membrane & a folded inner membrane

  17. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE centrioles (E) [dark yellow] a. paired tubular structures important in cell division b. found mostly in animal cells (some fungus, algae) c. made of microtubules

  18. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE flagella (P,E) a. made of bundles of microtubules b. used for locomotion, usually 1 or 2

  19. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE cilia (E) a. short flagella for locomotion, oar-like b. in rows of 100 or more c. also used to move material along a passage * breathing passages * oral groove of paramecium d. line inner ear & vibrate – critical to hearing

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