1750-1914: An Age of Revolution, Industry, and Empire

1. 1750-1914: An Age ofRevolution, Industry, and Empire Rebecca Thyrion Kevin Malins David Vann

2. Periodization: Continuitiesand Breaks • Sustained interactions between peoples around the world • European rise to power • Existing technological and economic advantage • Europeans exercised influence on other societies • Rise of nationalism, nation-states • Emergence of conservatism vs liberalism

3. Periodization: Continuitiesand Breaks • Industrialization replaced human power with inanimate sources of energy • Rise of Imperialism • Revolution and conflict stemmed from social and political struggles • Conflicting ideologies • Political battle between cultures • Rising middle class fought for sovereignty

4. Nationalism • Peoples of similar backgrounds who had common customs and values, same language unite creating a state to promote national interests • Government promoted interest of national group, often through conflict • May include shared religious beliefs • Nations arose first in 19th century Europe

5. Nationalism • Cultural nationalism fostered pride in community’s accomplishments • Cultural superiority common result in Europe, Japan • Political nationalism developed later • Demanded loyalty and solidarity • Totalitarian govt.’s later drew from political nationalism

6. Nationalism: China vs. Japan Identify causes and contributors to nationalism: • Case 1: China • Stable Chinese society had long history of longstanding history and cultural traditions • highly valued Confucianism, filial piety, piety to emperor • Case 2: Japan • Millennium of independence fostered respect to the emperor, led to militaristic society that sought expansion

7. Nationalism: China vs. Japan • Common language, cultural, traditions • Both societies resisted western influence and remained within familiar traditions • Common historical experiences • Chinese dealt with foreign Manchurian, and Mongolian rulers • Japanese isolated themselves from contact with West

8. Nationalism: Egypt vs. Italy • Egyptians held off military advances of Napoleon (1799) under Muhammad Ali • Italian independence group Young Italy sought freedom from Austrian and Spanish rule, establishment of Italian national state

9. Nationalism: Egypt vs. Italy • Drawn together by a common enemy • Napoleon threat to all Egyptian people • Italians desired self-rule, expel Spanish • Common historical experiences • Egyptians celebrated military victory • Italians experienced foreign government controlling their territories

10. Nationalism: Pan Africanism vs. Indian Congress Movement • Pan Africanism took European idea of nation-state and applied to Africa • Looked to pre-colonial times for similarities in language, culture, ethnicity, and religion • Indian Congress Movement sought to gain independence from British rule • Communicate Indian national interest with British administrators

11. Nationalism: Pan Africanism vs. Indian Congress Movement • Diffusion of nationalistic idealism to colonies via European-educated natives • Africans and Indians applied methods to their own societies • Sought independence from European imperialism and to advance their own interests

12. Industrialization • Technological developments replace human power with machines or inanimate energy sources • Agrarian economies develop industry and machine manufacturing • Factory production replaces home labor • Produce cheap, high-quality goods • Unindustrialized areas couldn’t compete

13. Early Industrialization • Occurred first in Britain - early 18th cen. • 1733 – Flying shuttle invented by John Kay • cotton weaving improvement • 1765 – Steam engine by John Watt • 1779 – Cotton mule improves thread spinning • 1785 – Power loom runs on steam engine • Unskilled laborer could 15x more cloth than artisan

15. Early Industrial Revolution • European (1740-1850) • Free market trading led individuals to make own decisions to industrialize • Gradual, progressed with new inventions • Driven by cotton demands, Enlightenment, and large reserves of coal • Japanese (1870) • Initiated by government, centrally controlled • Rapid pace • Officials hired Europeans skilled in industrial techniques to instruct Japanese workers

16. Early Industrial Revolution • Similarities • Before revolution both societies had high agricultural productivity, occupational specialization • Imported primary materials and produced manufactured goods to export for profit • Extensive technology improvements, railroad construction, factory development • Rising standard of living, population growth • Greater political power through economic strength

17. Industrialization: Social Changes • People worked outside the home • Nuclear family became less important • New class of factory workers experienced long workdays and often bad conditions • Rising middle class enjoyed large portion of increasing wealth • Factory system brought workers to cities and urbanization • Lower-class women thrust out into workforce • Social pressures increased on middle-class women

18. Comparing Western Interventions and Imperialism

20. Imperialism • Expansion of European powers and their conquest and colonization of African and Asian societies, mainly from the 16th through 19th centuries • Strengthened by growth and industrialization, European countries set off on a race to divide the rest of the world • To gain power, nations compete against each other for colonies and trade rights • Same thing as colonialism!

21. European Colonization in 1754

22. European Colonization in 1914

23. Imperialism • Europeans needed raw materials to feed their booming factories and a market in which to export the manufactured goods • By exploiting foreign populations European could satisfy both needs • Explorers used superior technology to dominate foreign lands • Guns, germs, and steel • Administrators’ methods often harsh and inhumane • Cultural superiority

24. Effects of Imperialism on Colonies • Colonial administration restricted sovereignty • Population/demographic disturbance • Atlantic slave trade displaced 16 million Africans • Suppression/elimination of cultures • Subjects may be forced to accept Western culture • Other mass migrations facilitated • 2.5 million indentured laborers from East Asia and India to Africa and Pacific Islands • 50 million European migrants sought fortune in the Americas

25. Effects of Imperialism on Colonies • Spread of western values and customs to colonies: • Christianity • Western dress, customs, Enlightenment thought • Greek and Roman literature, art, European scholars • Languages (English, Spanish, French, Dutch, etc) • Democracy, other political institutions

26. Purple, red, lime green, orange, and blue all European!

27. Colonial Nationalistic Movements • French Canadian and British Canadian nationalists compete against each other • Pulled together by economic and political threat from United States • Mexican Revolution - break free Spain in 1910… national identity was being forged • African Revolutions • Maji Maji rebellions aimed to expel Germans from East Africa

28. Comparing Revolutions:Haiti vs. France • Haitian Revolution was a slave revolt while French Revolution was a peasant uprising • However both represented efforts for the lower classes to overthrow elites resistant to change • Haiti sought to remove foreign rule from their country; French peasants wanted to transform their society into a republic • Haitians successful, forming a republic; however French revolution ended in failure • Napoleon seized power from the Directory and named himself consul; later monarchy restored • Both revolutions long and bloody

29. Roles and Conditions of Women • Feminists in Western Europe observed that women suffered many of the same legal disabilities as slaves • Could not enter professional occupations or vote • Mary Astell said “if all men are born free, why are all women born slaves”? • Women in both America and Europe participated in academic, literary, and civic organizations • Did not obtain suffrage until after 1850’s • Both Latin America and Western Europe gave very limited freedom to women before woman’s rights movements about 1850.

30. The End of Slavery • The British began the process to end the slave trade in 1807 under anti-slavery pressures • Other nations followed suit under British pressure: • United States – 1808, France – 1814 • Netherlands – 1817, Spain – 1845 • Banning slavery was much more difficult, but end of the slave trade effectively killed it • Britain banned the institution of slavery in 1833 • other nations followed in the mid to late 19th century

31. Russia • Slow to industrialize • Did so under tightly-budgeted set of five-year plans that were government sponsored to fix the country • Multi-cultural • Only half of the population was Russian • Freeing of serfs meant to create a mobile labor force for the early industrializing nation • Zemstvos ineffective district assemblies to represent the classes – held no true power • Workers strikes and peasant rebellions

32. United States • Emerged as world power toward the end of the era… rapid free-market industrialization based on European advancements • Massive economic production would later help it in wartime • Manifest destiny created centuries long war between Native Americans and settlers • U.S. Civil War a result of conflict over “Western” slavery taking its own course in American governments American Civil War drummer boy

33. Zionism • Jewish nationalism that desired a home for the Jewish people in Palestine • Jews were spread out all over the globe; had no national homeland that would promote the interests of their community • In essence, Jews were a minority everywhere they lived

34. Marxism • Developed by Karl Marx • First major socialist thinker who came to socialism through the struggle for democratic rights • Also known as Scientific Socialism • History of “class struggles” • Philosophical method is Dialectical Materialism • Adopted by increasing numbers of governments in the pre-WWI and interwar eras

35. The Demographic Transition • Beginning in the 19th century, industrialized lands experienced social change • It became more expensive to raise children • Fertility began a marked decline • Mortality fell faster than fertility, so populations continued to rise • Over time led to more stable population rate – less growth