Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

1. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Autotrophs and Heterotrophs • Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food. • Heterotrophs are organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy.

2. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Metabolism • All of the chemical reactions in a cell • Photosynthesis—light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell • Cellularrespiration—organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell

3. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy • ATP releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group. ATP

4. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.3 Cellular Respiration Overview of Cellular Respiration • Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration. • The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis.

5. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.3 Cellular Respiration • Cellular respiration occurs in two main parts. • Glycolysis • Aerobic respiration

6. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.3 Cellular Respiration Glycolysis • Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through the process of glycolysis. • Two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are formed for each molecule of glucose that is broken down.

7. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.3 Cellular Respiration Krebs Cycle • Glycolysis has a net result of two ATP and two pyruvate. • Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the pyruvate. • The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the Krebs cycle.

8. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.3 Cellular Respiration • The net yield from the Krebs cycle is six CO2 molecules, two ATP, eight NADH, and two FADH2. The Krebs Cycle

9. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.3 Cellular Respiration Electron Transport • Final step in the breakdown of glucose • Point at which ATP is produced • Produces 34 ATP

10. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.3 Cellular Respiration Anaerobic Respiration • The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis • Two main types • Lactic acid fermentation • Alcohol fermentation Energy in a Cell

11. A B C D Cellular Energy Chapter 8 CDQ 1 Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which statement describes the law of conservation of energy? Energy cannot be converted or destroyed. Energy can be converted and destroyed. Energy can be converted but not destroyed. Energy can be destroyed but not converted.

12. A B C D Cellular Energy Chapter 8 CDQ 2 Chapter Diagnostic Questions In which metabolic process are molecules broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water? photosynthesis cellular respiration homeostasis fermentation

13. A B Cellular Energy Chapter 8 FQ 1 8.1 Formative Questions Which law of thermodynamics explains why the ladybug receives the least amount of usable energy? the first law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics

14. A B Cellular Energy Chapter 8 FQ 2 8.1 Formative Questions All of the energy from the food you eat comes from the sun. true false

15. A B C D Cellular Energy Chapter 8 FQ 3 8.1 Formative Questions Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway? Energy is used to form glucose and oxygen. Energy is converted from water to carbon dioxide. Energy that is lost is converted to thermal energy. Energy is released by the breakdown of molecules.

16. A B C D Cellular Energy Chapter 8 FQ 4 8.1 Formative Questions Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) such an important biological molecule? It captures light energy from the sun. It is produced in anabolic pathways. It stores and releases chemical energy. It converts mechanical energy to thermal energy.

17. A B C D Cellular Energy Chapter 8 FQ 7 8.2 Formative Questions Which mechanism of photosynthesis uses the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a concentration gradient to synthesize ATP? absorption chemiosmosis electron transport C2 pathway

18. A B C D Cellular Energy Chapter 8 FQ 9 8.3 Formative Questions What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration? to make ATP to process H2O to store glucose to deliver oxygen

19. A B C D Cellular Energy Chapter 8 FQ 10 8.3 Formative Questions Which represents the general sequence of cellular respiration? TCA cycle  chemiosmosis  glycolysis glycolysis  Krebs cycle  electron transport electron absorption  catalysis  phosphorylation aerobic pathway  anaerobic pathway  fermentation

20. A B C Cellular Energy Chapter 8 FQ 11 8.3 Formative Questions Which stage of cellular respiration is the anaerobic process? glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport

21. A B C D Cellular Energy Chapter 8 FQ 12 8.3 Formative Questions Which molecule generated by the Krebs cycle is a waste product? CoA CO2 FADH2 NADH

22. A B C D Cellular Energy Chapter 8 CAQ 2 Chapter Assessment Questions During the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is broken down into what compound? H2O O2 CO CO2

23. A B C D Cellular Energy Chapter 8 CAQ 3 Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the following figure. Which molecule is released when ATP becomes ADP? phosphate group water molecule ribose sugar energy cells

24. A B C D Cellular Energy Chapter 8 STP 5 Standardized Test Practice What is the final step of cellular respiration? O2 and H+ form H2O. Electrons and H2O generate ATP. C6H12O6 is broken down into CO2. NADH and FADH2 gain electrons.

25. A B C D Cellular Energy Chapter 8 STP 6 Standardized Test Practice What prevents pyruvate from entering the Krebs cycle and instead results in this pathway? a buildup of CO2 a lack of oxygen an excess of glucose an increased demand for ATP

26. A B C D Cellular Energy Chapter 8 STP 7 Standardized Test Practice Which is not a process that occurs in both cellular respiration and glycolysis? chemiosmosis electron transport glycolysis production of G3P