Levels of Complexity

1. Levels of Complexity

2. Task • You will have two class periods to work on this assignment. • Your goal is to look through your book (you can use the internet also) to research the following topics. • 1. Elements • 2. Molecules/Compounds • 3. Organelle • 4. Cells • 5. Tissue

3. Task • 6. Organs and 7. Organ Systems • 8. Organism • 9. Population • 10. Community • 11. Ecosystem • 12. Biome • 13. Biosphere • Each bullet point should be written on separate piece of paper in your notebook.

4. Task • Example: • 1. Element • Definition • How it relates to Biology/Humans/Science • Anything else relevant • Should be at least half the page. • We will add more notes later, so might want to leave extra space. Depending on writing style.

5. 1. Elements • Fundamental form of matter that has mass, occupies space, and cannot be broken apart into different forms by chemical means. • Body • 1. Oxygen – O • 2. Carbon – C • 3. Hydrogen – H • 4. Nitrogen – N • 5. Calcium – Ca • All of these add up to about 98% of the Human Body

6. 1. Elements • Earth • 1. Oxygen – O • 2. Silicon – Si • 3. Aluminum – Al • 4. Iron – Fe • 5. Calcium – Ca • All of these add up to 85% of the Earth

7. 1. Elements • Most elements do not exist in element form. • Most things are compounds and molecules. • The number of electrons dictates what molecule or compound will be created.

8. 1. Element • Atomic Number – Number of Protons (+) • Atomic Mass – Number of Protons and Neutrons (0) • Electrons (-) – Number of Protons • Model • Electrons will fill 2, 8, 8, 10 • The elements would form a compound to fill the outside to 2, 8, or 10.

9. The Essence of Life

10. Which one will form a compound or stay alone?

11. Which one will form a compound or stay alone?

12. 2. Molecules/Compounds • Molecules - Two or more atoms of the SAME elements joined by Chemical Bonds. • Ex. Protons, Electrons, Neutrons, Nitrogen Gas (N2), Chlorine Gas (Cl2), Oxygen Gas (O2), and Ozone (O3). • Compounds – Molecules consisting of two or more elements in unvarying proportions. Different • Ex. Water (H2O), Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), Aspirin Salicylic Acid (Acety-), Glucose (C6H12O6), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Salt (NaCl), Proteins, RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

13. 2. Molecules/Compounds • Biochemistry • Study of chemical processes within, and relating to, living organisms. • Flip Video • CER Activity • Activity • Explanation • Definitions

14. Writing Responses

15. Writing Responses • According to the CER model, an explanation consists of: • A claim that answers the question • Evidence from students' data • Reasoning that involves a "rule" or scientific principle that describes why the evidence supports the claim • Your students might suggest the following explanation: • Air is matter (claim). We found that the weight of the ball increases each time we pumped more air into it (evidence). This shows that air has weight, one of the characteristics of matter (reasoning). • The explanation could be made more complete by including evidence and reasoning related to air taking up space.

16. 3. Organelle • Membrane-bound sac or compartment in the cytoplasm having one ore more specialized metabolic functions. Most eukaryotic cells have a profusion of them. A membrane is not an organelle.

17. Animal Cell

18. Plant Cell

19. Bacterial Cell

20. Virus Cell

21. 3. Organelle • Nucleus – Localizing the cells DNA • Endoplasmic Reticulum – Routing and modifying newly polypeptide chains into mature protein; sorting and shipping proteins and lipids for secretion or for use inside the cell. • Various Vesicles – Transporting or sorting a variety of substances; digesting substances and structures in the cell; other functions. • Mitochondria – Producing many ATP molecules in highly efficient fashion. • We will study more organelles when we get to cells.

22. 4. Cells • Smallest unit of life, surrounded by cell membrane, produced on own, given its DNA, raw material, and energy source. • A cell equals an organism. • Unicellular does not have organs or tissue. • Ex. Amoeba, bacteria, paramecium, and euglena. • Multicellular have organs and tissues. • Ex. US!

23. 4. Cells • Examples • Prokaryotic – Don’t have a nucleus • Eukaryotic – Has a nucleus • Erythrocyte – Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide (Red Blood Cell) • Leukocyte – Fights and protects body (White Blood Cell) • Thrombocyte – Clots blood, so we don’t bleed to death • Neuron – Allows you to react and respond • Epithelial – Protects you by being a barrier

24. 4. Cells • Osteocyte – Makes bonds to protect and give you structure • Sperm Cell – Holds genetics for offspring comes from male • Egg – Holds genetics for offspring comes from female • Melanocyte – Protects you from UV-Rays • Stem Cells – Can transform to any cell (Holds Potential) • Muscle Cell – Allows you to move • Plant Cells – Does photosynthesis • T Cells – Makes antibodies

25. 5. Tissue • A group of biological cells that perform a similar function. • Examples • Epithelial • Sheet like tissue with a free surface facing the outside environment or body fluid. Often functions in protection: inner organ liner and outer cell. The cell is called epithelial. • Muscle • Cells contract forcefully shorten in response to stimulation from outside and then relax and passively length. It is used to move and make heat. There are three types: smooth (organs), cardiac (heart), and skeletal (muscle).

26. 5. Tissue • Nervous • Exerts the greatest control over the body’s responsiveness to changing conditions. • Made of cells called neurons – brain and spinal cord. • Those are the central nervous system or CNS. • Peripheral Nerves – React and Respond. • Connective • Ligaments – Hold bone to bone • Tendons – Skeletal muscle to bond • Bone – Protect and framework

27. 5. Tissue • Cartilage – Pad and cushion • Blood – Circulates, moves, and transports substances around the body • Fat/Adipose – Energy (makes the body go to these cells), protects, makes and stores proteins, and makes hormones.

28. 6. Organs and 7. Organ Systems • Organ • A group of different tissues working together to do a job • FLIP Video • CER Activity • Organ System • A group of organs interacting to do a job • The average person has 11 systems

29. 6. Organs and 7. Organ Systems • Integumentary • Protects the body from injury • Dehydration (by sweating glands are able to close) • Prevents pathogens entering • Controls temperature • Excretes wastes • Receives some external stimuli • Organs – Dermis, hypodermis, epidermis, oil glands, sweat glands, hair, and melanocyte, and skin.

30. 6. Organs and 7. Organ Systems • Muscular • Moves body and its internal parts • Maintains posture • Generates heat by increased metabolic activity • Protection by the abdomen • Organs – Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac • Muscles – Biceps and triceps

31. 6. Organs and 7. Organ Systems • Skeletal • Supports • Hips • Protects • Ribcage, vertebrae, and skull • Provides muscle attachment sites • Produces red blood cells • Stores calcium and phosphorus • We have an exoskeleton, osteocytes create bone, RBC make platelets, and WBC are created in marrow. • Organs – Bone tissue and cartilage

32. 6. Organs and 7. Organ Systems • Nervous • Detects external and internal stimuli • Controls and coordinates responses to stimuli • Integrates actions to the stimuli • Integrates all organs systems • Found in the brain and spinal cord • Peripheral nerves are throughout the body after the spinal column • Organs – Nervous tissue, neuralgia, and neurons.

33. 6. Organs and 7. Organ Systems • Endocrine • Hormonally controls body functions • Works with nervous system to integrate short term and long term activities • Organs – thyroid and pancreas

34. 6. Organs and 7. Organ Systems • Circulatory (Cardiovascular) • Rapidly transports many materials to and from cells • Helps stabilize internal temperature • Liquid part of blood is plasma • Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, nitrogen waste, hormones, thrombocytes, erythrocytes (hemoglobin), leucocytes, enzymes, and antibodies • Organs – Heart, veins, capillaries, and arteries

35. 6. Organs and 7. Organ Systems • Lymphatic (Immune) • Collects and returns some tissue fluid to the blood stream • Defends the body against infection and tissue damage • Lymph nodes makes WBC • Organs – Lymph nodes, spleen, and vessels

36. 6. Organs and 7. Organ Systems • Respiratory • Rapidly delivers oxygen to the tissue fluid that baths all living cells • Removes carbon dioxide wastes of cells • Helps regulate pH • Hemoglobin is the protein that holds oxygen to the blood cells • Organs – Nose, lungs, larynx, pharynx, trachea, and diaphragm.

37. 6. Organs and 7. Organ Systems • Digestive • Ingests food and water • Mechanically chemically breaks down food • Absorbs small molecules into internal environment • Eliminates food residue • Mechanically • By peristalsis • Chemically • By enzymes • Organs – Tongue, moth, stomach, and intestines

38. 6. Organs and 7. Organ Systems • Urinary • Maintains the volume and composition of internal environment • Excretes excess fluid and blood borne wastes • Organs – Kidneys, ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder

39. 6. Organs and 7. Organ Systems • Reproduction • Male • Produces and transfers sperm to female • Hormones of both systems also influence other organ systems • Meiosis or spermatogenesis • Organs – Penis, testacies, prostate gland, and epididymis • Female • Produces eggs • After fertilization affords protected, nutritive environments for the development of new individuals • Meiosis or oogenesis • Organs – Vagina, ovaries, and fallopian tube.

40. 8. Organism • Any contiguous living system • What is living? • Biotic vs. Abiotic • FLIP Video • CER Activity • Seven Characteristics of Life • Made of Cells • Movement • Require food and water • Respire • React and Respond • Grow and Develop • Reproduce • Excrete and Secrete • Assimilate

41. 8. Organism • Diversity and Classification • There are several different ways to classify organisms. The main idea; however, is that it is an organizational tool. • Aristotle was the first to classify two organisms: • Plants and Animals • 1600s – Microscopes were made by Leewenhoek

42. 8. Organism • 1700s – Linnaeus • Father of Taxonomy • Three parts • Two part name in Latin (binomial nomenclature) • Scientific name given to an organism • Genus name followed by species • Written in italics, capital letter on genus • Ex : Homo sapien • Seven levels of classification • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genes, and Species

43. 8. Organism • Linnaeus gave us two kingdoms with specific criteria. • Plants make their own food (producers) and have cell walls • Animals need to eat food (consumers) and no cell wall. • 1866 – Haeckel proposes three kingdoms • Plants, Animals, and Protist (must be one celled) • 1937 – Chatlon proposed two kingdoms • Eukaryotic (nuclear membrane) and Prokaryotic (no nuclear membrane)

44. 8. Organism • 1969 – Whittaker proposes five kingdom system • Moneran • bacteria, viruses, blue-green algae • Protist • Plant-like subdivision: algae • Animal like subdivision: amoeba and paramecium • Fungi • Mushrooms, molds, lichens, and moss • Plants • Tulips, grass, and evergreens • Animals • Elephant, ant, and shark

45. 8. Organism • Modern Classification • Three Domains • Archea • Eubacteria • Eukaryote • Six Kingdoms • Plants • Animals • Protista • Fungi • Eubacteria • Archae • Then break down into: • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genes • Species

46. 8. Organism • Why do we have this organization system?? • What drawer would it be easier to find what you were looking for?

47. 8. Organism • A visual display of the taxonomy classification is called a dichotomous key • Shoes • Activity • Worksheet • Taxonomist use aspects of the organism to help classification • Symmetry, Skeleton, Openings, etc.

48. 8. Organism • 3 Domains • 6 Kindgoms • 101 Phyla • … • 8.7 Million Species • Imagine trying to find an organism without this organization! (No Thank You!!)

49. 8. Organism • Classification Poster • Rubric • One day in computer lab

50. 8. Organism • You might have wondered where are viruses? • Well, viruses are actually abiotic. • But we still study them in Biology, since they become active in a living cell • “Heart disease, mental disorders, diabetes, and arthritis may in many instances be the result of chronic bacterial and viral infections. One’s height, intelligence, and even personality might be influenced by persistent viruses that our immune system simply cannot wipe out.”