(a multimedia presentation) By Ms Behjat Jami

1. (a multimedia presentation) By Ms Behjat Jami Ms Behjat Jami

2. IMPORTANT TERMS - I • Avalanche : A huge mass of snow that moves down the slope. • Bar: Alluvial terrace an old flood plain fairly high to active flood plain. • Bet: Active flood plain. • Doab / Interfluves: Land between two rivers. • Dhand: Small salt lake. • Khaddar: Fresh Alluvium. • Karez : Irrigation Method used in Balochistan which consists of a water- tunnel or a narrow under ground canal. • Landslide: landslide is the movement of rocks and soil down the mountain slopes. • Mountain: A raised part of the earth with a peak ,steep slope attaining over 1000 meters height than a hill. • Range : A group of mountains is called a range. Ms Behjat Jami

3. IMPORTANT TERMS - II • Plateau: An area of fairly level high ground. • Plain: A flat land with fertile soils used to grow crops. • Topography: The arrangement of the natural and artificial features of an area. • The synonyms of topography are land forms/ physical features/ physiography and configuration of earth surface. • Relief: The specific forms of a physical feature. • Climate: the generalization of the all atmospheric conditions prevailing in any area for last 30 years. • Economic activities: All activities which are carried out to produce something. Ms Behjat Jami

4. NATURAL TOPOGRAPHY & DRAINAGE (A multimedia presentation) Ms Behjat Jami

5. Geographical Terms • Topography:the study of surface of earth is called topography (mountains, rivers, deserts, forests etc.) • Drainage:the natural flow of water on earth surface is called drainage (river, stream & waterfalls etc.) Ms Behjat Jami

6. Geographical Terms • Relief features:topographic features or shape of the surface of a particular areas or land e.g. Potwar plateau or the Northern mountains • Alluvium:the fine sand and minerals which come with river water due to soil erosion are called alluvium Ms Behjat Jami

7. Geographical Terms • Piedmont plain: the foot hill area of a mountain is called piedmont plain • Plateau:the little high flat land above the normal level of land is called a plateau Ms Behjat Jami

8. Geographical Terms • Delta:a small ‘V’ shaped sediment island on a river mouth is called delta • Pass:a passage or land route among mountains is called a Pass Ms Behjat Jami

9. Geographical Terms • Doab (Interfluves) :the land b/w two rivers is called Doab or interfluves • Bar upland:the high land on a Doab is called Bar upland • Alluvial terrace:the Bar upland is also called as Alluvial terrace Ms Behjat Jami

10. PHYSICAL REGIONS Ms Behjat Jami

11. PHYSICAL REGIONS • Northern Mountains • Western Mountains • Indus Plains • Coastal Plain • Deserts • Plateaus Ms Behjat Jami

12. Ms Behjat Jami

13. Northern Mountains Ms Behjat Jami

14. Northern Mountains • Karakoram Range (extreme North East) • Central Himalayas (parallel to Karakoram range) • Outer Himalayas (parallel to Central Himalayas) • Siwalik Range (parallel to Outer Himalayas ) Ms Behjat Jami

15. Northern Mountains • Hindu Kush Range(extreme North West) • Dir Range(N-S. East of Safed Koh Range) • Swat Range(N-S… parallel to Dir Range ) • Kohistan Range(N-S.. parallel to Swat Range ) Ms Behjat Jami

16. PEAKS Ms Behjat Jami

17. PASSES Ms Behjat Jami

18. GLACIERS Ms Behjat Jami

19. An Arial view of the Himalayas Ms Behjat Jami

20. Ice River Glaciers in Karakoram Range   Ms Behjat Jami

21. KARAKORAM RANGE Glacier Formation Ms Behjat Jami

22. Godwin Austin K-2 Ms Behjat Jami

23. Gasherbrum Peaks  Left to right: Gasherbrum IV, V, VI & VII Ms Behjat Jami

24. Rakaposhi Height: 7,788 m  (Himalayas) Ms Behjat Jami

25. Snow capped Range Snow Line Ms Behjat Jami

26. Muztagh Tower Height: 7,273 m Hindu Kush Ms Behjat Jami

27. PHYSICAL FEATURES • Snow capped; high rise peaks • Big glaciers among ranges • Source of rivers in subcontinent • Mountains passes & gorges • Foothill valleys (lakes & W. Falls) • Rain shadow area • Scarce vegetation Ms Behjat Jami

28. CLIMATIC FEATURES • Temperature remains low • Harsh winter with heavy snowfall • Short summer with moderate rainfall • Sun shines everyday except rainy days • Cool air moves slow Ms Behjat Jami

29. Western Mountains Ms Behjat Jami

30. Western Mountains • All mountains in western, central and south NWFP come under this category • All mountains in Baluchistan come under this category • Important mountain Ranges: • Safed Koh Range (above Khyber pass) Ms Behjat Jami

31. Western Mountains • Waziristan Hills(S-W… NWFP) • Sulaiman Range(border b/w P & NWFP) • Kirthar Range(border b/w Sindh & Balochistan) • Toba Kakar Range(N-W Balochistan) • Siahan Range(Central Balochistan) Ms Behjat Jami

32. Western Mountains • Central Makran Range (Central Baluchistan) • Coastal Makran Range (coastal Baluchistan) • Central Bruhi Range (Central Baluchistan) • Pub Range (S-E Baluchistan) • Hala Range (S-E Balochistan) Ms Behjat Jami

33. PEAKS (W.M) Ms Behjat Jami

34. PASSES Ms Behjat Jami

35. PHYSICAL FEATURES • Mediumheight mountains • Barrenland and Badland • Water is scarce • SeasonalRivers • Scatteredvegetation • Naturalpasses • Parallelranges Ms Behjat Jami

36. BADLAND Ms Behjat Jami

37. CLIMATIC FEATURES • Longsummer with high temperature • Weatherextremes • Shortandcoldwinter • Rainfallin Summer & winter due to both MonsoonandWestern Depression Ms Behjat Jami

38. INDUS PLAINS Ms Behjat Jami

39. INDUS PLAINS • The plain area which comes under the effect of the river Indus and its eastern tributaries is called ‘Indus plain’or‘Indus Basin’ • The Indus plain starts from South of ‘Himalayas’and spread over Punjab & Sindhdown to Arabian sea Ms Behjat Jami

40. KEY Sindh Sagar Doab Chaj Doab Rachna Doab Bari Doab Start of Lower Indus Plain Ms Behjat Jami

41. Eastern Tributaries • Jhelum River • Chenab River • Ravi River • Sutlej River • Beas River (India) Ms Behjat Jami

42. THE INDUS PLAIN Start of Lower Indus Plain Ms Behjat Jami

43. INTERFLUVES (DOAB) • Sind Sagar Doab (b/w Indus & Jhelum) • Chaj Doab (b/w Jhelum & Chenab) • Rachna Doab (b/w Chenab & Ravi) • Bari Doab (b/w Ravi & Sutluj) Ms Behjat Jami

44. INTERFLUVES (DOAB) CONFLUENCE Ms Behjat Jami

45. Alluvial Terrace ( Bar Upland) • Kirana Barin Chaj Doab • Sandal Barin Rachna Doab • Ganji Barin upper Bari Doab • Nili Barin lower Bari Doab Ms Behjat Jami

46. Physical Features • The length of the river Indus in Pakistan is2900Km • Lake Mansrowar is the origin of the Indus in Tibet China • Indus passes through world highest mountainous region • The Indus Enters in plain areas atKalabagh Ms Behjat Jami

47. Physical Features • Indus plains are highly fertile land with plenty of water • East of Slaiman-Kirthar range is the piedmont plain • Sindh Sagar Doab(Thal desert) is in the East of Indus • All Doabs haveBar uplands • Bari Doab have two Bar uplands Ms Behjat Jami

48. Drainage • River Jhelum joins river Chenab near Jhang • River Ravi joins river Chenab near Shorkot • River Sutluj joins river Ravi near Alipur • Soan riverin Potwar plateau joins the river Indus at Attock Ms Behjat Jami

49. Drainage • Water of all rivers come in one river calledPunjnad Riverat Panjnad • Punjnad riverjoins Indus at MitthanKotand enters in Sindh • In lower plain the Indus river passes throughwide plainarea up to the Arabian sea Ms Behjat Jami

50. INDUS DELTA Ms Behjat Jami