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This chapter explores France's late entry into claiming land in the New World, their foothold in Canada, the clash between French and British empires in North America, George Washington's role in initiating the war with France, the global war and colonial disunity, the blunders of General Braddock, William Pitt's successful military strategies, the restless colonists, and the aftermath of the war including the Indian and Spanish threats and the Proclamation of 1763.
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Chapter 6 The Duel for North America, 1608–1763
I. France Finds a Foothold in Canada • France was late to claim New World real estate • The government of New France (Canada) • Eventually controlled by king (Louis XIV) • Autocratic, few personal freedoms • Landowning peasants had little motive to move • French Huguenots were denied a refuge • French government favored the Caribbean Islands
II. New France Fans Out • New France most valuable resource, the beaver • French recruited Indians into the fur business • French Catholic missionaries (Jesuits) involved • French explorers focused on rivers • St. Lawrence, Ohio, Mississippi • Established fortified posts • New Orleans (1718)
III. The Clash of Empires • French – British conflicts in North America • Britain wins SE Canada • King William’s War (1697), Queen Anne’s War (1713) Britain was awarded French-populated Acadia, which the British renamed Nova Scotia also Newfoundland and Hudson Bay • France still clung to its holdings- Ohio, Miss, Canada • Spanish – British conflicts in North America • War of Jenkins’s Ear (1739), King George’s War (1748) • Spain controlled Florida, Mexico, American SW
IV. George Washington Inaugurates War with France • Ohio Valley combination of French & British • France erected a chain of forts on the Ohio River • Washington was sent to the Ohio Country • George Washington defeated (1754) • British brutally uprooted the French Acadians • Most moved to Louisiana
V. Global War and Colonial Disunity • Washington's skirmish led to Seven Years’ War • Between Great Britain & France • The crisis caused Albany colonial meeting • United colonial military response • Benjamin Franklin’s Join or Die Flag • But colonies didn’t unite
VI. Braddock’s Blundering and Its Aftermath • The opening clashes went badly for the British • Gen. Edward Braddock commanded British regulars • The British had defeat after defeat.
VII. Pitt’s Palms of Victory • William Pitt, British superlative leader • Focused military on Canada • Captured Louisbourg • The Battle of Quebec (1759) • Plains of Abraham • Conquest of Montreal (1760) • The Peace of Paris (1763) • The French lost Canada • Great Britain dominant power in North America
VIII. Restless Colonists • Britain’s colonists gained confidence • Won The French and Indiana War • Found other colonists with common ideals • The start of a coherent nation
IX. War’s Fateful Aftermath • Biggest threats – Indians & Spanish • Pontiac’s uprising / Rebellion / War • Defeated British at Detroit, Niagara, Pitts (1763) • Eventual British Victory • “smallpox blankets” (~400,000 died) • Proclamation of 1763 • Prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachian
