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Fire Safety

Fire Safety. Fire. Heat? Light? Burning? Carbon Monoxide Toxic Smoke Dark Smoke. Fire tetrahedron. Oxygen Fuel Heat Chain reaction. Fire triangle. Oxygen Fuel Heat. Oxygen. Surrounding air Oxygen tanks/Piped oxygen lines Oxidizing agents (self-producing). Oxygen. AIR.

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Fire Safety

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  1. Fire Safety

  2. Fire • Heat? • Light? • Burning? • Carbon Monoxide • Toxic Smoke • Dark Smoke

  3. Fire tetrahedron • Oxygen • Fuel • Heat • Chain reaction

  4. Fire triangle Oxygen Fuel Heat

  5. Oxygen • Surrounding air • Oxygen tanks/Piped oxygen lines • Oxidizing agents (self-producing)

  6. Oxygen AIR OXIDIZING AGENTS (SELF-PRODUCING) COMPRESSED GASSES

  7. Fuels • Gases • Liquids • Solids What really burns?

  8. Vapors Vapors

  9. Fuels

  10. Flammable & Combustible liquids • Flammable liquids have a flash point below 100oF • Combustible liquids have a flash point above 100oF Note: General Industrial Standard

  11. Open flame Hot surfaces Sparks Arcs (electrical energy) Arcs (static electricity) Friction Sun’s heat Compressing gases Heat sources

  12. Fire tetrahedron Fire Triangle plus a chain reaction

  13. Chain reaction

  14. Chain reaction • All areas of the fire tetrahedron must be present for a fire to start. • Some examples of no chain reaction: • A plug shorting out, producing a spark but not a fire • Using alcohol to cook with (in most cases). • Dropping a cigarette on the counter top and picking it up.

  15. Spontaneous combustion

  16. Spontaneous combustion • Internal combustion arising with no external energy when all four parts of the tetrahedron are present. • All four parts of the fire tetrahedron might not physically appear to be present. • Heat is still being produced by a chemical reaction.

  17. Flammable limits

  18. Thermal transfer • Exothermic reaction • Conduction • Radiant heat • Direct • Convection

  19. Heat transfer Exothermic reaction

  20. 2nd FIRE 1st FIRE Heat transfer Conduction

  21. Heat transfer Radiant

  22. EXIT Heat transfer DIRECT

  23. Heat transfer Convection

  24. 1300 o F HIGH HEAT Ceiling Breathing Zone MEDIUM HEAT 600 o F 90 o F Floor LOW HEAT Thermal layering

  25. Fire phases • Incipient • The beginning phase of a fire. • In this phase, there is no need for special clothing, breathing apparatus, or evasive action.

  26. Fire phases • Steady state (free burning) • The phase of the fire in which both oxygen and fuel are available and the fire is spreading. • Hot gases and heated air are moving to the upper portions of the building, and the fire is approximately 1300oF.

  27. Fire phases • Rollover • The process in which the super-heated vapors and gases reach their ignition point and start burning.

  28. Fire phases • Flashover • The phase of fire when everything in an area or room has reached a temperature that gives off vapors. • All these vapors ignite at once.

  29. Fire phases • Backdraft • When oxygen is reintroduced (either naturally or through improper ventilation) to the hot smoldering phase, all items ignite at once, causing an explosion.

  30. Fire phases • Hot smoldering • In this phase, the oxygen level has fallen to about 15%. • This causes the visible flames to go out and the materials to smolder. • This is usually a precondition to backdraft.

  31. Extinguishing fires • Removing fuel • Another method for extinguishing a fire is to remove the source fuel.

  32. Extinguishing fires • Cooling • Using water to absorb the heat of the fire, bringing the fire below its ignition point.

  33. Extinguishing fires • Removing oxygen • Can be accomplished through the use of another gas, such as CO2.

  34. Sprinkler heads

  35. A SINGLE SPRINKLER HEAD BEING ACTIVATED FOR A SMALL FIRE

  36. MORE THAN ONE SPRINKLER HEAD BEING ACTIVATED FOR A LARGE FIRE

  37. Fire classes Combustible Material

  38. Fire classes Liquids

  39. Live Electrical Circuits NOTE: After the electricity is disconnected, the class changes to Class A. Fire classes

  40. Fire classes Metals

  41. Fire extinguisher ratings • Class A Combustibles • Class B Liquids • Class C Live Electrical circuits • Class D Metal

  42. Fire fighting • Should I do this or even try? ? ? ? ?

  43. How to put a fire out P Pull the safety pin. A Aim the hose or horn at the base of the fire. S Squeeze the carrying handle and the discharge handle together. S Sweep the nozzle from side to side.

  44. PULL AIM P A S S SWEEP SQUEEZE

  45. Priorities in emergency response • Self-protection • Coworker health and safety • Aiding injured coworkers/protecting patients • Prevention of property damage

  46. When a fire happens • Alarm • Pull Station • Code “Red” Room ###” • Help patients in immediate danger. • Contain as much as possible. • Evacuate if necessary.

  47. Elements of 29 CFR 1910.38 • Means of egress • Emergency escape procedures and emergency escape route assignments • Procedures to be followed by employees who remain to operate critical plant operations before they evacuate

  48. Pre-planning for emergencies

  49. Elements of 29 CFR 1910.38 • The preferred means of reporting fires and other emergencies • Names or regular job titles of persons or departments who can be contacted for further information or explanation of duties under the plan

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