Computer Science I Introduction to: Computer History Binary Numbering System Computer Terms

1. Computer Science I • Introduction to: • Computer History • Binary Numbering System • Computer Terms

2. This is a 5 Meg Hard Drive. In 1956 IBM launched the 305 RAMAC, the first computer hard drive disk drive (HDD). The HDD weighed over a ton and stored 5 MB of data. Start appreciating your 4 GB flash drive!

4. I. A Brief Computer History: For centuries, people lived on earth without keeping records. As social groups began to form, records became necessary. They used notches on sticks or groups of stones. As tribes grew into nations, trade and commerce developed, sticks and stones no longer met those needs. Records were kept on clay tablets or papyrus. An early calculating device was the abacus. Over 2000 years old and still used today!

5. In 1642 Blaise Pascal developed the first mechanical calculating machine called a Pascaline. Blaise Pascal About 30 years later, Gottfried von Leibniz improved upon it by producing a calculating machine which could add, subtract, multiply, divide, and extract roots. Gottfried von Leibniz

6. At the end of the American Revolution, a French weaver, named Joseph Marie Jacquárd used punch cards to control his looms. These were the precursors of modern programming.

7. Charles Babbage In 1833, Charles Babbage, a professor at Cambridge University in England proposed “the analytical engine.” It would have incorporated punched card input, a memory unit, an arithmetic unit, automatic printout, sequential program control, and 20-place accuracy. He never could get a truly working model built, but if any of that sounds familiar, these are components of the modern day computer and it was 100 years ahead of its time.

8. Babbage was aided by the Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace Byron, daughter of the poet Lord Byron. She saw that the machine could not originate new knowledge, but could generate calculations, store information, and play music. She wrote instructions for the machine and is known as the first computer programmer. Both Babbage’s and her work were forgotten until 1937. In fact, one of the programming languages that the government used for many years was called ADA

9. When the 1880 United States census was taken, the country had grown tremendously and took almost nine years to complete. For the next census, the Bureau hired a statistician, Dr. Herman Hollerith, who invented modern punch card techniques. This was used along with a new invention, the typewriter (which improved legibility and writing speed), and machines that could calculate and print results. This time, even though the population had jumped from 50 million to 63 million, the 1890 census only took 3 years to complete. Dr. Herman Hollerith

10. Hollerith converted his equipment for use in business. Later, his firm merged with others to form the International Business Machine Corporation. IBM!

11. In 1937, a Harvard professor, Howard Aiken, set out to build an automatic calculating machine that would combine the established technology with Hollerith’s punched cards. Completed in 1944, it was known as the Mark I digital computer. It is an electromechanical computer, rather than an electronic one, but it was, in many respects, the realization of Babbage’s dream. It is now on display at Harvard.

12. In 1938, Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff, a professor of physics at Iowa State College, concluded that none of the calculating devices were adequate for his needs. He teamed up with his graduate assistant to build the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). It used vacuum tubes for storage and arithmetic. The drawback was that it was built mainly to solve system of equations. Vacuum Tubes The Atanasoff-Berry (ABC) Computer

13. In 1940, Atanasoff and Berry met with John Mauchly, who then began to formulate his own ideas about how to build a general-use computer. He teamed up with J. Presper Eckert, Jr. to build the ENIAC. This came to be a secretly funded war-time project. It could do 300 calculations a minute. Operating instructions were fed through plugboards and switches. It had 19,000 vacuum tubes and took a huge room to house it. It generated a great deal of heat, and people used roller skates to go around replacing the vacuum tubes.

14. In the mid 1940’s, John von Neumann wrote a paper suggesting the use of binary numbers in building computers. He also said that both instructions and data could be stored internally. With these ideas, Mauchly, Eckert, and others at the Moore School built the EDSAC, the first stored program electronic computer. In 1949 Remmington-Rand acquired the Eckert-Mauchly corporation and launched the Universal Automatic Computer—UNIVAC. UNIVAC

15. In the early 1950’s, developers of these first computers agreed that eight or ten of these machines would satisfy the entire demand for years to come. In 1954, IBM began selling comparatively inexpensive machines to businesses and by 1956 over 600 computer systems had been installed. These were the first generation of computers, designed for scientific uses, but found favor as accounting tools. Computers were found to be fast, accurate, and an untiring processors of mountains of paper.

16. The second generation of computers were smaller, faster, had greater computing capacity. This was because of the solid-state transistors, which replaced the vacuum tubes.

17. Previously, programming was done in machine oriented languages. This gave way to higher level languages that were easier for humans to understand. This created a need for those who could create these languages and for those who could program in them. One of the most famous is Admiral Grace Hopper (Navy), who invented COBAL (Common Business Oriented Language.) She coined the phrase “bug” to describe a problem with computers because a moth had flown into a computer and shorted it out. She was ahead of her time and made many major contributions to the world of computers.

18. In 1964, IBM ushered in the third generation of computers with the System/360 family of mainframe computers. In the 1970’s and early 1980’s, they produced minicomputers and the entire personal computer industry was created. Because of this, hardware of all sizes continued the trend toward miniaturization with improvements in speed, cost, and storage capacity.

19. In the 1970’s, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak began assembling computers in a garage. In just three years Apple reported sales of over $100 million. Other companies were also selling computers. The problem was, they all had their own operating systems, and you had to have their software and know how to use their machines. You had to know how to use the operating systems on the Apple, IBM, Tandy, etc. In other words, you could only run your programs on that kind of computer and that was a problem. Computers did not “talk” to each other. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

20. Bill Gates introduced his MicroSoft Disk Operating System and IBM put it on their machines. Most of the other companies (but not Apple) soon began using MS-DOS for their machines and thus standarizing the computer industry. There are many new and fascinating developments in the world of computing. From micro chips and nanotechnology to super computers, technology has yet to reach it’s peak. Just think of all the new and fascinating developments to come!

21. New Virus Warning: It’s called the Paul Revere Virus. Warns of an impending hard disk attack. Once if by LAN, twice if by C:\>

22. New Technology! You will not be able to know what's ahead of you, until you have seen at least 4 pictures and read the explanation of what they are. Our future is here and it’s incredible!! What an age we live in.    Amazing technology from Japan . .

23. Look closely and guess what they could be...

24. Are they pens with cameras?

26. Any wild guesses? No clue yet? Ladies and gentlemen... congratulations! You've just looked into the future... yep that's right! You've just seen something that will replace your PC in the near future! Here is how it works:

27. In the revolution of miniature computers, scientists have made great developments with bluetooth technology... This is the forthcoming computers you can carry within your pockets .

30. This "pen sort of instrument" produces both the monitor as well as the keyboard on any flat surfaces from where you can carry out functions you would normally do on your desktop computer.

33. Can anyone say, “Good-bye laptops!” I see no reason for a 'cluttered' desk!

34. More new technology: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1e4X10hOh9o

35. But seriously, folks: /http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKIu9yen5nc

36. II. Binary System: What does binary mean? Base 2: 1’s and 0’s How does binary work on computers? Normally, we use base 10. Why? This is how the numbering system works in base 2: Base 10: 0 1 2 3 4 Base 2: 0 1 10 11 100 5 6 7 8 9 10 101 110 111 1000 1001 1010 What appears to happen when base 2 hits powers of 2? = 20 = 21 = 23 = 22

37. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 To convert to Base 10, start with: 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 Ex. 1: 11001101 (1’s and 0’s switch the powers on and off.) Add the numbers that are switched on! 205 128 + 64 + 8 + 4 + 1 =

38. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Try this one: 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 Ex. 2: 111011100 476 256 + 128 + 64 + 16+ 8 + 4 =

39. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 One more: 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Ex. 3: 10110011 179 128 + 32 + 16+ 2 + 1 = Why is 20 = 1?

40. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 To convert to Base 2: 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 What is the highest of these numbers that can “fit” in 198? Ex. 4: 198 128 Subtract 128, switch it on. 70 What is the next one that can “fit”? 64 6 What is the next one that can “fit”? 4 2 Switch “2” on. What about “1”? Thus, the answer is: 11 000 110

41. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Try this one: 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 Ex. 4: 573 13 512 8 61 5 32 4 29 1 16 13 Thus, the answer is: 1 000 111 101

42. There are 10 kinds of people in the world: Those that understand binary and those that don’t! Just for fun, let’s play a game! I will show you a: Mind Reading Trick