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The New Deal: Fighting Fear and Rebuilding America

Explore the actions taken by President Roosevelt to combat the Great Depression and understand the impact of the New Deal on American society. Discover the key policies created, such as bank regulation, relief programs, and job creation initiatives, and learn about the challenges faced by the New Deal.

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The New Deal: Fighting Fear and Rebuilding America

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  1. CHAPTER The New Deal 23 Overview Time Lines 1 A New Deal Fights the Depression SECTION 2 The Second New Deal Takes Hold SECTION 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups SECTION 4 Society and Culture SECTION 5 The Impact of the New Deal SECTION Chapter Assessment Transparencies

  2. THEMES IN CHAPTER 23 Economic Opportunity Cultural Diversity Science and Technology CHAPTER The New Deal 23 HOME “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” President Franklin Delano Roosevelt

  3. What do you know? • What do you already know about the New Deal? • What policies were created under the New Deal and who was affected? • Read the quote above and answer the following: • What did Roosevelt mean? What can happen when people are afraid? • What else might people have feared in the 1930s? • What effect do you think Roosevelt hoped this statement would have on the American people? CHAPTER The New Deal 23 HOME “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” President Franklin Delano Roosevelt

  4. 1934Congress creates the SEC. 1933Congress creates the TVA. 1935Supreme Court declares the NIRA unconstitutional. The CIO is organized. Congress passes the Social Security Act. 1937Labor unions begin using sit-down labor strikes.Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is released. 1938Fair Labor Standards Act passes. 1939Marian Anderson sings at the Lincoln Memorial. John Steinbeck publishes The Grapes of Wrath. CHAPTER Time Line 23 HOME The United States

  5. 1933Hitler and the Nazi Party take power in Germany. Japan withdraws from the League of Nations. Batista overthrows the Cuban government. 1934Chinese Communists engage in the Long March. Lázaro Cárdenas becomes the president of Mexico. 1935Italy invades Ethiopia. British Parliament passes Government of India Act. 1937Japan invades China. 1939Germany invades Poland. 1936Civil War begins in Spain. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin purges Communist Party and government leaders. CHAPTER Time Line 23 HOME The World

  6. Learn About the early actions taken by the Roosevelt administration. To Understand how the New Deal tried to combat the Depression. SECTION 1 A New Deal Fights the Depression HOME

  7. SECTION 1 A New Deal Fights the Depression HOME Key Idea President Roosevelt takes many actions to combat the Depression.

  8. Americans Get a New Deal • Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) defeated Hoover in the 1932 Presidential Election • Distant cousin of Teddy Roosevelt • 20th Amendment moved inauguration from March to January • New Deal: Program to alleviate the problems of the Great Depression, focusing on relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform • The 1st Hundred Days • March 5th FDR declared “Bank Holiday” • Emergency Banking Relief Act: authorized the Treasure Department to inspect the country’s banks…those that were sound remained open, those that couldn’t pay their debt remained closed, those that needed help could receive loans

  9. American’s Get a New Deal Cont… • Fireside chats: radio talks about issues of public concern • Regulating Banking and Finance • Glass-Steagall Act of 1933: established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) • Federal insurance up to $5,000 • Federal Securities Act: required corporations to provide complete information on all stock offerings and made them liable for any misrepresentations • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): regulate the stock market • Prevent people with inside information from “rigging” the stock market for their own profit • End of 1933 Congress passed 21st Amendment repealing Prohibition…Raise government revenues by taxing alcohol

  10. Helping the American People • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): sought to raise crop prices by lowering production, which the government achieved by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of every acre of land unseeded • Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): renovated 5 existing dams and constructed 20 new ones, created thousands of jobs, and provided flood control, and hydroelectric power to the Tennessee River Valley • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): Put young men ages 18-25 to work building roads, developing parks, planting trees (200 million in Great Plains), and helping on flood-control projects

  11. Helping the American People • Public Works Administration (PWA) provided money to states to create jobs chiefly in the construction of schools and other community buildings • National Recovery Administration (NRA): aim was to promote recovery by interrupting the trend of wage cuts, falling prices, and layoffs • Workers were guaranteed the right to unionize and to bargain collectively • Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC): provided government loans to homeowners who faced foreclosure • Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA): $500 million to provide direct relief for the needy

  12. The New Deal Comes Under Attack • Deficit Spending: spending more money than the government receives in revenue • FDR: Necessary evil to help economy • Keynesian economics: named after John Keynes who promoted deficit spending to stimulate economic spending • Liberal Critics: thought the New Deal did not go far enough • Conservative Critics: believed the New Deal spent too much money • FDR’s New Deal policies interfered with free-market economy

  13. Critics • American Liberty League: group of conservative opponents to FDR • Charles Coughlin: Catholic priest who favored guaranteed annual income and the nationalization of banks • Dr. Francis Townsend: Believed FDR wasn’t doing enough for poor and elderly • Devised a pension plan that would provide monthly benefits to elderly • Huey Long: Senator from Louisiana, proposed a nationwide social program called Share-Our-Wealth • Assassinated at the height of his popularity

  14. PROBLEM SOLUTION lack of confidence in banks little confidence in stock market low farm prices massive unemployment poverty in Tennessee River Valley mortgage foreclosures SECTION 1 A New Deal Fights the Depression HOME 1 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What were some of the problems President Roosevelt confronted as president? How did he try to solve them? bank holiday, Treasury inspection of banks, deposit insurance regulation of stock market paying farmers not to raise crops federal jobs programs build dams government loans to homeowners

  15. INTERPRETING Of the New Deal programs discussed in this section, which do you consider the most important? THINK ABOUT • the type of assistance offered by each program • the scope of each program • the impact of each program SECTION 1 A New Deal Fights the Depression HOME 1 Section Assessment

  16. ANALYZING Do you think Roosevelt’s most vocal critics had reasonable objections? THINK ABOUT • the American Liberty League’s beliefs regarding violation of rights • Father Coughlin’s calls for nationalization • Huey Long’s slogan “Every Man a King” SECTION 1 A New Deal Fights the Depression HOME 1 Section Assessment

  17. Learn About the second phase of New Deal policies. To Understand how the Roosevelt administration tried to extend its relief, recovery, and reforms programs. SECTION 2 The Second New Deal Takes Hold HOME

  18. SECTION 2 The Second New Deal Takes Hold HOME Key Idea The Second New Deal institutes new programs to extend federal aid and stimulate the nation’s economy.

  19. The Second Hundred Days • In 1935 • FDR launched a second burst know as the Second Hundred Days • Eleanor Roosevelt: persuaded FDR to go ahead with Second Hundred Days • Election of 1936 • FDR defeated Alfred Landon • Election showed support of New Deals

  20. Helping Farmers • In 1936 Supreme Court struck down the AAA in 1938 FDR brought it back • Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act: paid farmers for cutting production of soil depleting crops • Resettlement Administration: provided loans to farmers to buy land • 1937 replaced with the Farm Security Administration: loaned more than $1 billion to help tenant farmers become landholders

  21. Roosevelt Extends Relief • Works Progress Administration (WPA): series of programs to help put people to work • Headed by Harry Hopkins • 1935-1943 spent $11 billion to create 8 million jobs • Built 850 airports, constructed or repaired 651,000 miles of roads, put up 125,000 public buildings • National Youth Administration: created to provide education, jobs, counseling, and recreation for young people • Chart on Page 706!!!! Study it!!! Know it!!!

  22. Improving Labor and Other Reforms • Wagner Act: Prohibited unfair labor practices such as threatening workers, firing union members, and interfering with union organizing • National Labor Relations Board (NLRB): hear testimony about unfair practices • Fair Labor Standards Act: set minimum hours at 44 hours per week, decreasing to 40 hours two years later • Set minimum wages at .25 cents… .40 cents by 1945

  23. Social Security Act • 3 Major Parts • 1. Old-age insurance for retirees 65 or older • 2. Unemployment compensation system • 3. Aid to families with dependent children and the disabled • Expanding and Regulating Utilities • Rural Electrification Administration (REA): financed and worked with electrical cooperatives to bring electricity to isolated areas • Public Utility Holding Company Act: took aim at the financial corruption in public utility industry

  24. Farmers:second Agricultural Adjustment Act,Farm Security Act,Rural Electrification Administration Unemployed: Works Progress Administration,National Youth Administration,Social Security Act Retirees:Social Security Act Youth: National Youth Administration,Works Progress Administration Labor: Wagner Act, Fair Labor Standards Act SECTION 2 The Second New Deal Takes Hold HOME 2 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING How were groups such as farmers, the unemployed, youth, and retirees helped by the Second New Deal programs? The Second New Deal

  25. ANALYZING Do you think the Second New Deal would have succeeded without the WPA? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT • the millions of people the WPA employed • criticism of the WPA as a “make-work” program • the many New Deal reform and recovery programs SECTION 2 The Second New Deal Takes Hold HOME 2 Section Assessment

  26. EVALUATING Why might the Social Security Act be considered the most important achievement of the New Deal? THINK ABOUT • the types of relief needed in the 1930s • alternatives to government assistance to the elderly, the unemployed, and the disabled • the scope of the act SECTION 2 The Second New Deal Takes Hold HOME 2 Section Assessment

  27. Learn About how New Deal policies affected various social and ethnic groups. To Understand how the Democratic Party forged a new political coalition. SECTION 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups HOME

  28. SECTION 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups HOME Key Idea New Deal policies and actions affect Americans from all walks of life. The Democratic Party forms a new political coalition.

  29. The New Deal Brings New Opportunities • Women make their mark • Frances Perkins: America’s first female cabinet member…Secretary of Labor • Married women in workforce in 1930 was 12% in 1940 it was 16%...increase even during discrimination during Depression

  30. African Americans Take Leadership Roles • During New Deal FDR appointed over 100 African Americans to key government positions • Mary McLeod Bethune: hired to lead the Division of Negro Affairs of the National youth Administration • FDR Fails to Support Civil Rights • FRD was not committed to full civil rights as he did not support anti lynching law or an end to poll taxes • Many New Deal programs discriminated against African Americans • NRA, CCC, and TVA all gave lower wages to African Americans

  31. Native Americans Gain Support • John Collier: commissioner of Indian Affairs • Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 • Changes in 3 ways • 1. Economic: Native American lands would belong to an entire tribe…this prohibited government from taking over unclaimed lands and selling them to people other than Native Americans • 2. Cultural: Children could attend schools on reservations • 3. Political: Tribes were given permission to elect tribal councils to govern their reservations

  32. FDR Creates the New Deal Coalition • New Deal Coalition: an alignment of diverse groups dedicated to supporting the Democratic Party…Southern whites, various urban groups, African Americans • Democrats dominated national politics throughout the 30’s & 40’s • New Deal Policies Affect Organized Labor • Gave unions greater power to organize and negotiate with employers • Unions grew in size…3 million to 10 million during New Deal

  33. URBAN VOTERS UNIONIZED WORKERS NATIVE AMERICANS Passage of theIndian ReorganizationAct of 1934 Appeal of work-relief programs Passage of the Wagner Act EFFECTS OF THE NEW DEAL Appointment to key government positions Help from the CCCand the WPA Role of Mary McLeod Bethune and the“Black Cabinet” Welcoming of women’s input on issues WOMEN AFRICAN AMERICANS MEXICAN AMERICANS SECTION 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups HOME 3 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What were the effects of New Deal policies on American women, African Americans, Mexican Americans, Native Americans, unionized workers, and urban Americans?

  34. GENERALIZING Do you think women made significant progress toward equality during the 1930s? THINK ABOUT • the role of women in government • hiring practices in federal programs • women’s opportunities in business and industry SECTION 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups HOME 33 Section Assessment

  35. FORMING OPINIONS In your opinion, did organized labor become too powerful in the 1930s? THINK ABOUT • why workers joined unions • how unions organized workers • the roles of unions in politics SECTION 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups HOME 33 Section Assessment

  36. Learn About arts, entertainment, and literature during the 1930s. To Understand how the Depression and New Deal influenced American culture. SECTION 4 Society and Culture HOME

  37. SECTION 4 Society and Culture HOME Key Idea Motion pictures, radio, art, and literature all blossom during the Depression and the New Deal.

  38. Motion Pictures and Radio • Movies: 65 % of Americans attended movies once a week…15,000 movie theaters in nation • Gone With the Wind, The Wizard of Oz, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs • Radio: 90% of American homes • Orson Wells: Author of “War of the Worlds” Oct. 30, 1938 read his radio drama • American people actually thought Martians were taking over Earth

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