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Neutrino Physics & the ISS

Neutrino Physics & the ISS. Peter Dornan Imperial College London. Least understood particle Beyond the Standard Model A trivial Addition? The Window on the Fundamental Theory? Ultimate theory must relate quarks & leptons Cannot do this without a full understanding of the neutrino sector

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Neutrino Physics & the ISS

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  1. Neutrino Physics & the ISS Peter Dornan Imperial College London

  2. Least understood particle Beyond the Standard Model A trivial Addition? The Window on the Fundamental Theory? Ultimate theory must relate quarks & leptons Cannot do this without a full understanding of the neutrino sector Cannot do this with LHC or ILC Why do Neutrino Physics? P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  3. Neutrinos are BSM • In the SM • Neutrinos are massless • Lepton Flavour is Conserved • Neutrino & antineutrino distinguished on the basis of helicity • Neutrino Oscillation shows • Neutrinos have mass • Lepton Flavour is not Conserved • Helicity cannot distinguish neutrinos from antineutrinos P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  4. A Minor Extension of the SM? • Neutrinos are Dirac Particles • Right handed Neutrinos exist • With no known interactions • Or very very weak ones • Lepton Flavour is not respected • But overall lepton number is conserved • So Distinguish Neutrino and Antineutrino on the basis of Lepton Number • - whatever it is • Masses, Mixing Parameters - and CP Violation • - just yet more parameters to feed into the theory P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  5. A Window on a Higher Theory? • now we can speculate • Neutrinos are Majorana States • Neutrino and anti neutrino are not distinct • Right handed neutrinos exist at very high masses - ~ unification scale • Mixing angles - and probably masses – could be related to those in the quark sector • More forms of CP violation in the lepton area than the MNS phase • And this will solve the matter-antimatter mystery P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  6. Why Neutrino Physics? • These are the “Elevator” Answers • For the Ultimate Theory of Particles and Forces • For our Understanding of the Universe • But • Improving our Knowledge demands Complex & Challenging Experimentation. • The basic tool is neutrino oscillation From Hitoshi Murayama When you meet your favourite senator And want a $1B But also to explain to immigration at O’Hare why you are coming to Fermilab P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  7. Neutrino Oscillation • Neutrinos are produced - and detected - as lepton flavour - electron, muon, tau - eigenstates • Oscillations – neutrinos produced with one flavour change to another as they pass through space • In the SM lepton flavour is conserved • - no oscillations • For oscillation must have two sets of eigenstates – flavour e-states and mass e-states P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  8. Oscillation Parametrisation `atmospheric’ `cross/reactor’ `solar’ Oscillation defined by 3 mixing angles, q12, q13, q23 1 phase, d P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  9. For just two state system Oscillation Probability Depends upon Mixing Angle, Mass Squared Difference, L/E More Complex for a three state system and additional complications if neutrinos pass through matter P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  10. SSM Prediction Gallium Chlorine Oscillation Signals - n Disappearance • The early evidence Super-K Atmospheric results nm disappearance having travelled through the earth Deficits in Solar Neutrino Flux P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  11. Super-K - L/E Analysis K2K First Long Baseline SK-I + SK+II Preliminary Data/prediction L/E (km/GeV) Appearance Signals - Atmospheric 1R-m spectrum No oscillation Number of events Oscillation 1 2 3 4 Enrec (GeV) P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  12. SSM Prediction Appearance Signals - Solar • The SNO Result • Total Neutrino Flux as Expected • Verifies Standard Solar Model • ne Detected Flux Low • Electron Neutrinos have oscillated to mu or tau neutrinos Neutral Currents - Detects all Neutrinos Charged Current - Detects Electron Neutrinos P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  13. Appearance Signals - Solar • Kamland Reactor Experiment P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  14. Small - only an upper limit from the Chooz Reactor Experiment Determining just how small q13 is the next pressing problem for neutrino oscillation physics The Third Angle, q13 P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  15. Where are we? from: Maltoni, Schwetz, Tortola, Valle (’04) Also know m2 > m1from matter effects in the sun P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  16. How to Proceed? • What Questions remain to be answered • Many! • What must we measure? • Everything we can • What can we measure? • Quite a lot • With the right ingenuity - and investment P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  17. Unanswered – Non Oscillation Expts • Are Neutrinos Dirac or Majorana? • Neutrinoless double-beta decay • What is the Absolute Mass? • Tritium Decay Spectrum • Neutrinoless double-beta decay • Cosmological data P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  18. Unanswered – Oscillation Expts • Is q23 maximal? • How small is q13? • CP Violation in the lepton sector? • Mass hierarchy? • m3 < or > m2 • Is the MNS approach correct? • CPT violation? • The ultimate accuracy on the mixing angles and the mass differences • What accuracy is needed? • (LSND? Sterile neutrino(s)? ) P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  19. Mass Hierarchy? Require matter interactions to distinguish. Long Baseline Nona > T2K Inverted Normal Leads to degeneracies in superbeam expts. Critical for Neutrinoless double beta decay P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  20. CP Violation • Vitally important for our understanding of nature and the universe • Arises from phases which flip sign on the change particle  antiparticle • In SM Non-zero phase in the CKM quark mixing matrix • Describes observed CP violating effects • Does not explain the matter antimatter asymmetry • Standard MNS matrix has one phase, d, (like CKM) • BUT, if neutrinos are Majorana additional phases and potential for substantial CP violation P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  21. ne Appearance in a nm Beam - SuperBeam ne Disappearance in a ne Beam - Reactor q13 and d - Leptonic CP Violation d leads to CP Violation No d term P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  22. The Imminent Future • Two long base line experiments using a nm beam • MINOS • Numi Beam from FNAL to Soudan 735 km • Two Detectors – near and far – magnetized Fe-scintillator • Look for nm disappearance  q23, Dm223 • ne Appearance  q13 (~factor 2 better than Chooz) • OPERA • CNGS Beam from CERN to Gran Sasso 732 km • One Far Detector – Emulsion • Look for nt Appearance P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  23. In 3 – 10 Years - q13 • Main aim is q13 - but will also improve other parameters • Two off-axis Superbeam Experiments • T2K • Nona • One or more Reactor Experiments • Double Chooz • and maybe • Braidwood, Daya Bay, Angra dos Deis …… P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  24. Possible Reactor Experiments P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  25. “far detector “near detector” Reactor Measurements of q13 No Dependence on d, No matter effects P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  26. Long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment from Tokai toKamioka　（T2K） (~100xK2K) • J-PARC (50 GeV PS) • Construction: 2001~2007 • Operation: 2008~ • T2K (Approved in Dec-03) • Construction: 2004~2008 • Experiment: 2009 ~ JAERI@Tokai-mura (60km N.E. of KEK) Super-K 50kton Neutrino Beam Line Phase 1 (0.75MW + SK) • nmnx disappearance • Precise Dm2, sin22q • nmne appearance • Finite q13 ? 3GeV PS 600MeV Linac 50GeV PS (0.75MW) FD Phase 2  4MW, Mton, CPV To SK P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  27. For 5yr running d(Dm223) < 1×10-4 eV2 d(sin22q23) ~ 0.01 90%C.L. sensitivities CHOOZ excluded Dm2(eV2) x 20 Off axis 2.5deg, 40GeV 5yr sin22q13 T2K prediction P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  28. Nona • Upgrade of FNAL NuMi program. • Off-axis configuration, and larger proton intensity (6.5x1020 proton/year). • Very Long Baseline (810km) and sizeable matter effects • Complementary to T2K program (mass hierarchy). • <En> ~ 2.22GeV • 30Kton “fully” active detector. • Liquid scintillator. P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  29. Nona Sensitivity similar to T2K. – improve with antineutrino run. ● Sensitivity to mass hierarchy. ● Synergies with T2K & reactor experiments: different matter effects and different degeneracies. P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  30. The Precision Era - after T2K and Nova • Around 2012 - 2015 • We shall have good measurements of • q12, q23, Dm212, Dm223 • Probably have a measurement of q13 • Possibly know the mass hierarchy • So can now plan for the ultimate neutrino measurements • Refine all parameters • Check consistency • Measure CP Violation • This is the aim of the ISS P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  31. CP Violation P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  32. Neutrino source – options: • Second generation super-beam • CERN, FNAL, BNL, J-PARC II • Beta-beam • Neutrino Factory P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  33. The International Scoping Study • International scoping study of a future Neutrino Factory and super-beam facility • Motivation • Organisation • Status • Physics Group • Accelerator Group • Detector Group • ISS: next steps P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  34. ISS: motivation • Neutrino Factory – prior to launch of ISS • Several studies at the turn of the century • US Studies I, II, IIa • ECFA/CERN Study • NuFact-J Study established feasibility & R&D programme • MUCOOL, MICE, MERIT…. • But there have been advances since then • Also appreciation of the need for an integrated accelerator-detector-physics approach • and an international approach P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  35. ISS: motivation • Goal: timely completion of conceptual design • Significant international effort taking several years • Requires successful bids to provide the resources • Preparation for design study • Review physics case • Critical comparison of options • Review options for accelerator complex: • Prepare concept-development and hardware-R&D roadmaps for design-study phase • Review options for neutrino-detection systems • Emphasis: identify concept-development and hardware-R&D roadmaps for design-study phase • Establish the Cost Drivers & Optimize • Physics/$ - where there are alternatives • Absolute scientific value - where only one method P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  36. ISS: organisation P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  37. Meetings • Plenary meetings to date: • CERN: 22 – 24 September 2005 • Attendance: 92 • Americas: 15 Asia: 12 Europe 65 • KEK: 23 – 26 January 2006 • Attendance: 67 • Americas: 11 Asia: 28 Europe 28 • Working groups: • Physics: • Workshops: Imperial: 14 – 21 November 2005 • Boston 6 – 10 March 2006 • Phone meetings • Accelerator: • Workshops: BNL: 07 – 12 December 2005 • Phone meetings • Detector: • Phone meetings • Detector/Physics parallel at Physics workshops P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  38. Acknowledgments • This will be a very brief review of the activity in the ISS • From the meetings - very many people have contributed so - it is hard to acknowledge everyone - so I apologise for failing to mention many of the contributors • All plots and contributors can be found on the web P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  39. Physics Group • Theory subgroup : • What is the new physics • Need to distinguish between alternative theories • Establish the case for high-precision, high-sensitivity neutrino-oscillation programme • Phenomenological subgroup • Review models of neutrino oscillations • Identify measurables that distinguish them and assess the precision required • Experimental subgroup: • Use realistic assumptions on the performance of accelerator and detector to: • Evaluate performance of the super-beam, beta-beam and Neutrino Factory alone or in combination • Make meaningful comparisons • Muon physics subgroup: • Lepton-flavour violating processes – clear synergy with neutrino oscillations – possibly the next major discovery P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  40. Some Theoretical Ideas • Flavour symmetry: • Quarks and charged leptons do not carry the same hidden quantum numbers • All neutrinos carry the same hidden quantum numbers • Allows differences in mass hierarchies and mixing matrices to be explained through symmetry breaking • Random sampling of many such models indicates that large θ13 is favoured P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  41. Some Theoretical Ideas • Quark-lepton complementarity • Intriguing Relations • Coincidence • fundamental • GUTs motivate relationships between the quark and lepton mixing matrices • Measurable relations • Need Precision P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  42. P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  43. P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  44. A Possible Neutrino Sum Rule P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  45. Towards a performance comparison • A Major Goal of the ISS • Now many options • Must be reduced if there is to be a realistic design for a ‘precision era’ neutrino facility • Requires justifiable assumptions: • Accelerator: flux, energy spectrum • Detector: Ethresh, ERes (background, x-sect. uncertainty…) and optimised facility (accelerator, baseline, & detectors) Already a very substantial amount of work P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  46. Cases under Consideration • Off axis super-beam: • T2HK taken as example • Plan to explore different options (essentially vary E and L) • Beta beam: • Low :  = 100 and L = 130 km • High flux (~1018 decays per year) and high flux (1019 dpy) • High :  = 350 and L = 700 km • High flux (~1018 decays per year) and high flux (1019 dpy) • Also Beta beam abd superbeam combination • Neutrino Factory • Performance studied as a function of: • E and L • Ethresh and ERes P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  47. Sample - CP sensitivity v. sin22q13 Huber, Lindner, Rolinec, Winter Work in progress But highlights the importance of q13 in defining a strategy P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  48. CPT & the MNS Theory Murayama • In the Quark sector the CP violation parameters are determined in many ways • Can we do the same in the neutrino sector? • With 3 flavours and CPT • CP violation related in • ne -> nm • nm -> nt • ne -> nt Needs tau modes P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  49. Beta beam, super beam comparison Preliminary! Need to include better treatment of background and sys. err. Couce • High θ13: • Beta beam & super beam alone: •  sensitivity good • Poor sign(m232) sensitivity P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

  50. Neutrino Factory: optimisation • Study performance as a function of muon energy and baseline • Detector: • 100 kton, magnetised iron • Importance of threshold sensitivity • Can trade muon energy against detector threshold and resolution P Dornan - MUTAC 2006

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