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Health Hazards in Highway Construction

Health Hazards in Highway Construction. Kimberley J. Nipko, MPH Safety & Health Compliance Officer OSHA--Madison, WI 608-441-5388 ext.123 kim.nipko@madison.osha.gov www.osha.gov. Topics. Silica Noise Lead Asphalt Heat Stress. HISTORY OF SILICOSIS. Ancient Greece

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Health Hazards in Highway Construction

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  1. Health Hazards inHighway Construction Kimberley J. Nipko, MPH Safety & Health Compliance Officer OSHA--Madison, WI 608-441-5388 ext.123 kim.nipko@madison.osha.gov www.osha.gov

  2. Topics • Silica • Noise • Lead • Asphalt • Heat Stress

  3. HISTORY OF SILICOSIS • Ancient Greece • 1870 term first used • Hawk’s Nest Dam - 1931

  4. TYPES OF SILICA • Amorphous • NOT Crystalline • Beach Sand • Crystalline • Heat and/or pressure converts amorphous • Dangerous to the human body • Found in construction materials (e.g. brick, rock, concrete, masonry block, etc.)

  5. CRYSTALLINE SILICA • Where is it found? Naturally Occurring Crystalline Mineral in Earth’s Crust • 3 Types quartz cristobalite tridymite

  6. HEALTH EFFECTS • Silicosis • Bronchitis • Tuberculosis • Association with Lung Cancer • IARC Classification April 1997 • Class 1: Carcinogenic to Humans

  7. LUNG DEPOSITION Naso-Pharyngeal Tracheo-Bronchial Alveolar

  8. LUNG DEFENSES Muco-Ciliary Escalator Cilia Mucous

  9. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ALVEOLI

  10. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM NODULES

  11. SILICOSIS • Chronic • 10 or More Years of Exposure • Low Exposure Concentrations • Accelerated • 5 to 10 Years After Exposure • High Exposure Concentrations • Acute • A Few Weeks to 4 or 5 Years After Exposure • Highest Exposure Concentrations

  12. SYMPTOMS • Difficulty in Breathing • Cough • Infections Causing • Fever • Weight Loss • Night Sweats

  13. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS • Particle Size • Percentage of Free Silica • Length of Exposure • Individual Susceptibility • Cigarette Smoking • Dose-Response Relationship

  14. CIGARETTES Synergistic Effect

  15. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY • Approximately 4.9 million actively working construction workers • 700,000 potentially exposed to silica • Approximately 250-300 deaths each year from silicosis • Silicosis is 100 percent preventable

  16. CONSTRUCTION JOBSAT RISK • Chipping, Hammering, Drilling of Rock • Crushing, Loading, Hauling, and Dumping of Rock • Abrasive Blasting With Silica Sand • Abrasive Blasting of Concrete

  17. Local Silica Inspection Scheduling • Mostly OSHA “drive-by”observations • A few telephone or written complaints

  18. 7.6% silica 1 mg/m3 PEL 0.9 mg/M3 (454 mins) 0.85 mg/M3 8 hour TWA 8 hour severity 85% of PEL VERY CLOSE TO PEL Jackhammering on bridge over I-88, DeKalb, IL Adjacent jackhammer and sweeping may increase exposure Jackhammer (Dry) Example

  19. 10% silica 0.83 mg/m3 PEL 1.8 mg/M3 (370 min) 1.4 mg/M3 8 hr TWA 8 hour severity 165% of PEL EXCEEDED PEL Inside Chicago building, employee at left sprayed with hose 2nd sample 110% of PEL Jackhammer (Wet) Example

  20. 12% silica 0.7 mg/M3 PEL 16.3 mg/M3 (39 min) 0.75 mg/M3 8 hr TWA 8 hour severity 105% of PEL EXCEEDED PEL Gas saw dry cuts hole in concrete sewer 2300% of PEL for 39 minute sample time Concrete Cutting (Dry) Example

  21. 9.4% silica 0.9 mg/M3 PEL 0.4 mg/M3 (340 min) 0.3 mg/M3 8 hr TWA 8 hour severity 37% of PEL DID NOT EXCEED PEL Wet saw 2nd sample 45% of PEL Concrete Cutting (Wet) Example

  22. Wet Cutting Nine air samples All were wet sawing concrete slabs 0 - 44% of PEL WET SAMPLES ALL BELOW PEL USE WET SAW Dry Cutting Eight air samples Four > PEL Highest was 345% of PEL DO NOT DRY CUT Concrete Cutting Summary

  23. 7.5% silica 1.1 mg/M3 PEL 3.1 mg/M3 (420 min) 2.7 mg/M3 8 hr TWA 8 hour severity 257% of PEL EXCEEDED PEL Lateral drilling multiple holes in pavement for reinforcing bars Lateral Drilling Example

  24. Lateral Drilling Summary • Nine air samples • Four samples > PEL • 101%, 104%, 251%, 257% of PEL • GOOD CHANCE OF EXCEEDING PEL • Half mask adequate in these samples • Controls: water not used, can it be used?

  25. Vermeer Saw • Used to cut large sections of pavement out of highway • reduces need to jackhammer /clean up debris

  26. 5.5% silica 1.3 mg/m3 PEL 9.6 mg/M3 (80 min) 1.6 mg/M3 8 hr TWA 8 hour severity 120% of PEL PEL EXCEEDED Some water is sprayed from side mount tanks Vermeer Saw Example

  27. Four samples No overexposures 4%, 8%, 25%, 60% of PEL PEL NOT EXCEEDED Adjacent operations may increase dust exposure (60% seems high for shoveling) Shoveling Concrete Summary

  28. Heavy Construction SilicaDust Summary Operation # Likely Exp Likely Resp Noise • Jackhammer dry 19 > PEL half mask 102-103 • Jackhammer wet 5 >PEL half mask • Concrete saw dry 8 > PEL half mask • Concrete saw wet 9 < PEL -- • Lateral drill 9 > PEL half mask 97-104 • Vermeer saw 3 ? > PEL ? 96 • Bobcat concrete 2 < PEL -- • Shovel concrete 4 < PEL # - number of samples taken Determinations are based on limited numbers of samples and represent available info as of 3/2000.

  29. 3.8% silica 1.7 mg/M3 PEL 18 mg/M3 (385 min) 14 mg/M3 8 hr TWA 8 hour severity 812% of PEL GREATLY EXCEEDED PEL Sandblasting rebar in highway Supplied Air Respirator used Sandblasting Example

  30. 4% silica 1.7 mg/M3 PEL 2.7 mg/M3 (340 min) 1.9 mg/M3 8 hr TWA 8 hour severity 116% of PEL EXCEEDED PEL Black Beauty used to blast newly cut grooves in roadway Abrasive Blasting Concrete

  31. Crossover/Special OperationsSilica Dust Summary Operation # Likely Exp Likely Resp Noise • Sandblaster 7 >> PEL blast resp 96-104 • Sandblast potman 1 > PEL half mask 91 • Abrasive blaster 7 > PEL blast resp • Abrasive potman 5 < PEL -- • Sweep 5 can > PEL half mask • Ceiling seam grind 1 > PEL half mask • Grind floor w/ vent 1 > PEL half mask • Tunnel (no silica) 4 < PEL -- # - number of samples taken Determinations are based on limited numbers of samples and represent available info as of 3/2000.

  32. 1.Overexposure/engineering controls 2. Correct respirator/resp. program 3. Silica hazard training 4. Hearing conservation program/protection 5. Silica safety program 6. Lead exposure (tuckpointing, blasting) Citation Summary

  33. CURRENT EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA (PEL) NIOSH (REL) ACGIH (TLV) Quartz: 0.05 mg/m3 Cristobalite: 0.05 mg/m3 Tridymite: 0.05 mg/m3 250 mppcf 0.05 mg/m3 %silica + 5 or 10 mg/m3 % silica + 2

  34. RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL) REL = O.O5 mg/m3 3/4 TEASPOON OF SILICA IN THE VOLUME OF A FOOTBALL FIELD (64,000 yds3)is 0.057 mg/m3

  35. AIR SAMPLING EQUIPMENT Personal Air Pump with Cyclone

  36. PERSONAL SAMPLING

  37. PREVENTION METHODS • Engineering Controls • Work Practice Controls • Personal Protective Equipment

  38. ENGINEERING CONTROLS DUST CONTROL VENTILATION SUBSTITUTION I S O L A T I O N HOUSEKEEPING WET WORK

  39. WORK PRACTICE CONTROLS • Restricted Work Areas • Worker Placement • Medical Surveillance • Hygiene Practices • Training

  40. MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE • Physical • Spirometry (PFT) • Chest X-Rays • “B” Reader • Frequency

  41. HYGIENE PRACTICES

  42. TRAINING

  43. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM • Medical Evaluation • Fit Test Procedures • Training • Storage and Cleaning • Hazard Assessment • Written Program

  44. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM Employer Responsibility • Determination of Wearer’s Exposure to Hazards • Fit Testing Before Use • Random Inspection • Training • Medical Surveillance

  45. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM Employee Responsibility • Fit check the respirator • Proper use of respirator • Guard against respirator damage • Report respirator malfunctions

  46. TYPES OF RESPIRATORS Half Mask Air Purifying Respirator APF=10

  47. TYPES OF RESPIRATORS Full Face Air Purifying Respirator APF= 50

  48. TYPES OF RESPIRATORS Full Face Powered Air Purifying Respirator APF=50

  49. TYPES OF RESPIRATORS Abrasive Blasting Type CE Positive Pressure Blast Hood APF= 25 - 2,000

  50. OSHA’S SPECIALEMPHASIS PROGRAM (SEP) • Memorandum to Regional Offices May 2, 1996 • Currently being enforced across the United States

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