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A Look at HTML (and XHTML)

A Look at HTML (and XHTML). Types of Web Applications. Clipper. In your home directory create the directory: public_html Index.html acts as your home page. To make the page accessible on the web do the following to the home directory: chmod o+x <home directory>. Birth of HTML.

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A Look at HTML (and XHTML)

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  1. A Look at HTML(and XHTML)

  2. Types of Web Applications

  3. Clipper • In your home directory create the directory: public_html • Index.html acts as your home page. • To make the page accessible on the web do the following to the home directory: chmod o+x <home directory>

  4. Birth of HTML • 1960’s the seeds of what would become the Internet are formed. • Roughly the same time some physicists at CERN released an authoring language and distribution system they developed for creating and sharing multimedia-enabled, integrated electronic documents over the new Internet. • First modern browser is built at NCSA and is called Mosaic (Mozilla).

  5. Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) • Could be thought of as the godfather of all markup languages. • Problem: It is so broad and all encompassing that mere morals can’t use it. • HTML, somewhat a black sheep of the family is a simplified enough form of SGML to make it more usable.

  6. World Wide Web Consortium(The Guardians of HTML) • Formed with the charter to define the standards for HTML and later XHTML. • Broader Responsibilities Include: • Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) • HTML • Extensible Markup Language (XML) • Document addressing on the web • Solicit draft standards for extensions to existing web technologies.

  7. HTML vs. XHTML • HTML’s development was more or less a tug of war between the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the browser developers (first Netscape, then IE). • Eventually the W3C won out with the release of HTML 4.01, which is pretty much the last release of HTML.

  8. HTML vs. XHTML • HTML needed a way for the constant changes in how to distribute, process, and display documents. • W3C developed the XML standard. • XML Provided a way to create new, standards-based markup languages that don’t take an act of the W3C to implement. • XHTML is HTML reformulated to adhere to the XML standard.

  9. HTML vs. XHTML • They are not word-processing tools, desktop-publishing solutions, or even programming languages. • Fundamental purpose is to define the structure and appearance of documents and document families so that they may be delivered quickly and easily to a user over a network for rendering on a variety of display devices.

  10. HTML vs. XHTML • Provides a framework for display content in a web page. • They are however limited in how much control you have over how the content will be displayed.

  11. HTML vs. XHTML • Deprecated features • Replace when able. • Standards not supported • Cope the best you can. • Supported features not part of the standard. • Avoid using at all costs.

  12. The Basics • HTML and XHTML function through the heavy use of tags. • A tag is enclosed within a set of ‘< >’. • Tags are paired together, with affected content placed between the pair. • The end tag is noted by placing a ‘/’ before the name of the tag. • Example: <title> This is the Title Tag </title>

  13. The Basics • Every tag has a name. • XHTML case sensitive, HTML not. • Some tags have an optional list of tag attributes. • Order unimportant. • Placing attributes in quotes optional (sometimes) for HTML not for XHTML. • Try and keep a tag all on one line.

  14. Some Notable Tags • <html>,</html> : Lets the browser know the web page is encoded in html. • <head>,</head> : Where you put information about the document being displayed. • <title>,</title> : What title you want to give your document. • <body>,</body> : Where you put the actual document you want displayed.

  15. Example Web Page <html> <head> <title> My first HTML document </title> </head> <body> This is a web page. </body> </html>

  16. Ways to Create Web Pages • Use and editor like Netscape Composer or have Microsoft Word save your document encoded in html. • Put in all the tags yourself using a basic text editor or perhaps an editor designed to help match up tags.

  17. Nesting Tags • Last tag in should be first tag closed off. • XHTML very much dislikes improper nesting of tags.

  18. Tags Without Ends • A few tags in HTML have no end: <area> <base> <base front> <br> <col> <frame> <hr> <img> <input> <isindex> <link> <meta> <param> • XHTML tags all have endings: <br />

  19. Adding Comments • <!--, --> : Used to include comments in the web page. Note: Anything that isn’t a tag or a comment is text.

  20. Hyperlinking • <id> </id> : Used to set a hyper location for a section of text. • <a> </a> : Used to create a hyperlink to a web page or a section of text.

  21. Hyperlink Example <h3 id = “Stews”>Kumquat Stew Recipes</h3> <a href= “http://www.kumquat.com/archive.html” >Kumquat Archive</a> <a href= “http://www.kumquat.com/archive.html#Stews” >Kumquat Archive</a>

  22. Few Text Formatting Tags • <i> </i> : Italics • <b> </b> : Bold

  23. Splitting up the Text • <br> </br> : Line break • <div> </div> : Division • <p> </p> : Paragraph <div> and <p> define a region, and <p> adds more vertical space between two regions of text.

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