Section 1 Introduction to Body Systems

1. Section1 Introduction to Body Systems Chapter 22 Objectives • Describehow tissues, organs, and organ systems are related. • List 12 organ systems. • Identify how organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.

2. Section1 Introduction to Body Systems Chapter 22 • Cells Form Tissues A group of similar cells working together forms a tissue. Your body has four main kinds of tissue.

3. Section1 Introduction to Body Systems Chapter 22 Cells, Tissues, and Organs, continued • Tissues Form OrgansTwo or more tissues working together to carry out a specialized function form an organ.

4. Section1 Introduction to Body Systems Chapter 22 Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems  Organism • Homeostasismaintaining a stable internal environment

5. Section1 Introduction to Body Systems Chapter 22 Working Together • Organs Form Systems Organs that work together make up an organ system. • Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis. • Your body has 12 major organ systems.

6. Section1 Introduction to Body Systems Chapter 22

7. Section1 Introduction to Body Systems Chapter 22

8. Section1 Introduction to Body Systems Chapter 22

9. Chapter 22 Section2 The Skeletal System Objectives • Identify the major organs of the skeletal system. • Describe four functions of bones. • Describe three types of joints. • List three injuries and two diseases that affect bones and joints.

10. Section2 The Skeletal System Chapter 22 ligaments Bones • Bones, cartilage, and the connective tissue that holds bones together make up your skeletal system. • Bone Structure Bone tissue without any visible open spaces is called compact bone. Bone tissue that has many open spaces is called spongy bone. Bones contain a soft tissue called marrow. • Bone Growth Most bones start out as a flexible tissue called cartilage. Eventually, most cartilage is replaced by bone.

11. 4 Functions of Skeletal System

13. cranium / skull maxilla mandible clavicle scapula ribs sternum humerus vertebrae radius pelvis ulna metacarpals carpals femur phalanges patella sacrum tibia fibula coccyx metatarsals tarsals phalanges

14. Types of Joints • A place where two or more bones meet is called a joint. • Joints are held together byligaments.

15. Chapter 22 Section2 The Skeletal System Skeletal System Injuries and Diseases • Bones may be fractured or broken. • Ligaments can be stretched or torn. • Arthritis is a disease that causes the joints to swell or stiffen. • Osteoporosis is a disease that causes bones to become less dense.

16. Section3 The Muscular System Section3 The Muscular System Chapter 22 Chapter 22 Muscles • Muscles Attach to BonesTendons are strands of tough connective tissue that connect your skeletal muscles to your bones. • Muscles Work in Pairs Skeletal muscles often work in pairs. A muscles that bends part of your body is called a flexor. A muscle that straightens part of your body is an extensor.

17. Section3 The Muscular System Chapter 22 Chapter 22

18. Section3 The Muscular System Chapter 22 Involuntary Voluntary I don’t have to think about it, I don’t control it I control when it happens

19. 3 Types of Muscle

20. Section3 The Muscular System Chapter 22 • The muscular systemis made up of the muscles that let you move. • Involuntary muscle found in the digestive tract and the walls of the blood vessels is calledsmooth muscle.

21. Section3 The Muscular System Chapter 22 • Involuntary muscle found in your heart is called cardiac muscle.

22. Section3 The Muscular System Chapter 22 • Muscle attached to your skeleton for movement is calledskeletal muscle.Skeletal muscle can be voluntary or involuntary.

23. Section3 The Muscular System Chapter 22 Use It or Lose It • Resistance Exercise During resistance exercise, people work against the resistance, or weight, of an object to strengthen their skeletal muscles. • Aerobic Exercise (using oxygen) • Steady, moderately intense activity is called aerobic exercise, and strengthens the heart and increases endurance.

24. Section3 The Muscular System Chapter 22 Muscle Injury • A strain is an injury in which a muscle or tendon is overstretched or torn. • People who exercise too much can hurt their tendons. Inflamed tendons is called tendonitis. • Some people try to make their muscles stronger by taking drugs. These drugs are called anabolic steroids and can cause long-term health problems.

25. Human Body: Pushing the Limits - Strength

26. The Integumentary System • skin, hair, and nails • Functions of Skin • skin protects you by keeping water in your body and foreign particles out of your body • nerves in your skin let you feel things • regulates your body temperature, helps get rid of waste chemicals

27. Layers of Skin • Epidermis - outermost layer of skin • Dermis - thicker layer of skin that lies beneath the epidermis

28. Propionibacterium acnes

29. Hair and Nails • A hair forms at the bottom of a tiny sac called a hair follicle. Hair helps protect skin from ultraviolet light and helps regulate body temperature in most mammals. • A nail grows from living cells in the nail root at the base of the nail. Nails protect the tips of your fingers and toes.

30. Skin Injuries • Skin is often damaged, but fortunately can repair itself. However, damage to the genetic material in skin cells can cause skin cancer.