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Lecture 20

Lecture 20. Respiratory System. Respiratory System Functions . Gas exchange : Oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves Regulation of blood pH : Altered by changing blood carbon dioxide levels Voice production : Movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech

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Lecture 20

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  1. Lecture 20 Respiratory System

  2. Respiratory System Functions • Gas exchange: Oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves • Regulation of blood pH: Altered by changing blood carbon dioxide levels • Voice production: Movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech • Olfaction: Smell occurs when airborne molecules drawn into nasal cavity • Protection: Against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them

  3. Respiratory System Divisions • Upper tract • Nose, pharynx and associated structures • Lower tract • Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Fig. 25.1

  4. Nose and Pharynx Paranasal sinuses Nasal conchae Internal nares Opening of auditory tube Nostril Nasopharynx Oropharynx Pharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Trachea • Nose • External nose • Nasal cavity • Functions • Passageway for air • Cleans the air • Humidifies, warms air • Smell Fig. 25.2

  5. Nose and Pharynx Paranasal sinuses • Pharynx • Common opening for digestive and respiratory systems • Three regions • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx Nasal conchae Internal nares Opening of auditory tube Nostril Nasopharynx Oropharynx Pharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Trachea Fig. 25.2

  6. Larynx Epiglottis Epiglottis Hyoid bone Hyoid bone Fat Larynx Thyroid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Vestibular ligament (false vocal cord) Cricoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Vocal ligament (true vocal cord) Tracheal cartilage Trachea Tracheal cartilage • Functions • Maintain an open passageway for air movement • Epiglottis and false vocal cords prevent swallowed material from moving into larynx • True vocal folds are primary source of sound production (b) Posterior (c) Midsagittal (a) Anterior Fig. 25.4

  7. Vocal Folds Fig. 25.5

  8. Trachea • Windpipe • Cartilage rings • Dense regular connective tissue • Divides to form • Primary bronchi • Carina • Most inferior tracheal cartilage • Cough reflex • Trachealis muscle • Narrows trachea Fig. 25.7

  9. Review Question Which of the following statements about the trachea is correct? • It is reinforced by circular rings of cartilage • The epithelium does not have mucous glands • It does not alter its diameter • Loose connective tissue connects the bands of cartilage in the trachea • Paired primary bronchi are at the inferior end of the trachea

  10. Lower Respiratory Tract Two zones based upon function • Conducting zone • Respiratory zone

  11. Lower Respiratory TractConducting Zone Conducting Zone • Trachea to terminal bronchioles which is ciliated for removal of debris • Passageway for air movement • Cartilage holds tube system open and smooth muscle controls tube diameter Fig. 25.8

  12. Lower Respiratory Tract Respiratory zone • Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli • Site for gas exchange Fig. 25.9

  13. Points to Remember • Two major divisions of the respiratory system: upper tract and lower tract • Upper tract - warms, moistens and cleans air (nose and nasal cavity) • Lower tract - prevention of entrance of food into lower tract and sound production (larynx), passageway of air to alveoli for gas exchange

  14. Questions?

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