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Chapter 6

Chapter 6 . Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population. Demography. The study of the size, composition, and distribution of human populations and the causes and consequrnces of changes in these characteristics. Population Change. Population = (births + immigration) -

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population

  2. Demography • The study of the size, composition, and distribution of human populations and the causes and consequrnces of changes in these characteristics

  3. Population Change Population = (births + immigration) - Change (deaths + emigration)

  4. Factors affecting birth and fertility rates 1. education and affluence 2. children are part of labor force 3. urban vs rural 4. cost of raising children • education and employment opportunities for women

  5. Factors affecting birth and fertility rates 6. infant mortality rate 7. average age at marriage 8. pensions available • availability of legal abortions, birth control 10. religious beliefs

  6. Factors affecting death rates • health care, nutrition, sanitation

  7. Indicators of overall health 1. life expectancy: average number of years a newborn is expected to live 2. infant mortality rate: death/1,000 before age 1 a) best indicator of quality of life ( shows nutrition and health care) b) between 1965 and 1996, infant mortality drate dropped from 20/1000 to 9/1000 in developed countries and 118/1000 to 68/1000 in developing countries

  8. Iimmigration/Emigration of 57 million refugees (homeless because of events beyond their control), 25 million were environmental refugees (drought, desertification, etc)

  9. Population age structure • age structure: proportion of population (of each sex) at each age level a) replacement level fertility = 2.1 births/woman b) half of world’s women are reproductive age, 30% of world population is under 15 2) baby boomers (born 1946-1964) are about 50% of population

  10. 3) baby bust gen (generation X) born 1965-1976 4) echo boom (children of boomers) born 1977-2000 5) problems with population decline a) happens when population ages b) strain on medical care, soc security, etc c) Japan’s population should begin decreasing by 2006

  11. Influences on population size • a)41% of U.S. population growth is due to immigration (legal and illegal) • if current trend continues, by 2050 half of population will be Spanish speaking

  12. pros and cons of immigrants • ConPro • take low paying job Americans don’t want low paying job (crop picker) - 1995 study shows they pay more in taxes than they use in public services • - they spend their wages • Cultural carrying capacity

  13. Demographic transition changes in birth and death rate due to industrialization 4 stages 1)preindustrial stage a.) high birth rate b) high death rate 2) transition stage • death rate decreases • birth rate constant b/c more food, health care improves • most developing countries at this stage (Mexico)

  14. Stage 3 and 4 • industrial stage • birth rate decreases b/c better job opportunities for women • birth rate approaches death rate so population growth slows - most developed countries at this stage (US) • postindustrial stage • a) birth rate decreases, equaling death rate so ZPG (Germany, Norway) eventually, birth rate becomes lower than death rate so population decreases

  15. India • 1.1 billion • 36% of population is under 15 • TFR = 3.4 children • (1970 = 5.3 children) • Population increases 1.7% per year • Life expectancy = 62 years

  16. India • Infant mortality = 64 deaths /1000 live births • 17% of world’s population • 70% of water is seriously polluted response: in 1978, raised marriage age • men 18 21 yrs; women 1518 yrs

  17. China • 1.3 billion • Since 1970, big birth control effort • 1972  2008 , 5.7 births  1.6 births • life expectancy = 73 years • per capita income = $4,520/yr

  18. 1. gov encourages one child per couple a) free sterilization, contraceptives • if one child: a) couple gets extra food, larger pension, salary bonuses, free medical care, free tuition, better job for child 3. 22% of population is under 15

  19. Cairo Conference on Population and Development, 1994 • Goal: stable population of 7.8 billion by 2054 Instead of predicted 10-12 billion as predicted Endorsed by 180 governments

  20. Demographic trap • happens when population growth exceeds economic growth • net 2.5% economic growth is needed to move to next stage b) since mid 1980’s developing countries have paid developed countries $40-50 billion more (repay debt) than they have received

  21. Empowering women can slow population growth • women make up 70% of world’s poor and 2/3 of 800 million illiterate adult • Globally, 900 million girls do not attend elementary school. (Pakistan: 3 Cups of Tea by Greg Mortenson)

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