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PHYS 213 Midterm Exam HKN Review Session

Review essential concepts such as First Law of Thermodynamics, entropy, temperature, and heat capacities for your upcoming Physics 213 midterm exam. Understand ideal gases, equipartition, internal energy, and quantum oscillators for comprehensive preparation.

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PHYS 213 Midterm Exam HKN Review Session

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  1. PHYS 213 Midterm ExamHKN Review Session Steven Kolaczkowski Alex Littlefield

  2. First Law of Life • Check your units

  3. First Law of Thermodynamics • Check Your Units • If volume is constant:

  4. Entropy, Temperature, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics • CHECK YOUR UNITS • where is the number of microstates • For an Isolated system or • If the process is reversible • Temperature:

  5. Equilibrium and Counting Microstates • We will observe the macrostate with the most microstates (maximum entropy) • A microstate is an observable state • Distinguishable: Indistinguishable: • is maximized when T is constant across system (thermal equilibrium)

  6. Heat Capacity and Latent Heat • Heat capacity: the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a material by 1K • Latent Heat: The amount of energy needed to transition between states of matter • T does not change during a phase change!

  7. Ideal Gases and Equipartition • CHECK YOUR UNITS • Equipartition: The idea that thermal energy on average is distributed equally among all quadratic modes of motion • for each quadratic degree of freedom • Monoatomic Gases: 3 Diatomic Gases: 5 Solids: 6 • Mass doesn’t matter for calculating energy, but it does for finding average velocity • Ideal Gas Law: Assuming that particles will not collide or interact with each other, only with the walls of the container, and are volumeless • Works best with low densities and high temperatures (a few, fast moving particles)

  8. Solids, More Heat Capacities, and Internal Energy • CHECK YOUR UNITS • Ideal Solids • We will assume that ideal solids are incompressible and

  9. Boltzmann Distributions and Quantum Oscillators • “The best thing in the world”-V, 2018/4/7 • For a Quantum Oscillator, energy is discretized by and • Total number of states given N oscillators and q energy quanta • Probability of State having energy : • Partition function: • REMEMBER TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT DEGENERACY!!! • “Actually the Partition function is my favorite thing in the world”-V, 10 mins later R S

  10. More 213 Stuff • Atmospheres: therefore and • “You get this from the Boltzmann distribution, the best thing in the world”-V, 30mins later

  11. Exam Advice • When doing problems, PLEASE PLEASEPLEASECHECK YOUR UNITS!!! • You will be shocked how many questions you can solve just matching units and having an idea of what they are asking for • Know when and how to use your equation sheet • Don’t panic, just keep on moving • Make sure you are in the right mindset going into the exam • Spend your time showing what you know • DON’T CHEAT

  12. Spring 2015

  13. Spring 2018

  14. Spring 2015

  15. Spring 2018

  16. Spring 2015

  17. Fall 2014

  18. Spring 2018

  19. Fall 2014

  20. Fall 2014

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