Evolution of computers and Computers Today

1. Evolution of computers andComputers Today www.apepanthiya.com

2. History • The history of any area is important in understanding it. Knowledge about the history will give you an overall idea (or the big picture) of how the computers today has evolved to this extent. The knowledge about history will help us in understanding the computers today and the significant milestones they have achieved from its inception.

3. Key developments • Many new ideas have contributed significantly to the development of computer systems. Some of the key developments of computer systems from the past are:

4. Key Developments ctd.. • Abacus - calculating device (3000 BC) • Pascaline - mechanical adding machine (1642) • Babbage - analytical engine (1830s) • Ada - first programmer (1800s) • Punched cards - data storage (1800s) • Hollerith - tabulating machine (1890s) • Mark I - general purpose computer (1944) • ENIAC - electronic computer (1946) • UNIVAC - US Census Department (1951) • EDVAC - Stored Program Concept (1951)

5. Key Developments ctd.. • Classification of Computers • Microprocessor chip • Floppy disk for data storage • Pocket Calculator • Apple II - first personnel computer • IBM PC • Portable computers • Laser Printing and Desktop Publishing • Multimedia desktop computers • Home video computers • Video conferencing

6. Abacus (3000 BC) • Abacus is an ancient calculating device. This is still being used in China, Russia and the Far East

7. Pascaline (1642) • Pascaline is a desktop mechanical adding machine. This was developed by Blaise Pascal.

8. Punched Cards (1800s) • A card punched with holes in certain places so that a computer can read data coded from the combination of holes. This was first used by Joseph Jacquard to automate his weaving factory.

9. Punched Cards

10. Ada (1800s) • This is probably the world’s first computer programmer. Collaborated with Charles Babbage.

11. Difference Engine • In 1822 Charlet Babbage introduces the Difference Engine and later the Analytical Engine (as he called them), a general purpose computing machine.

12. Difference Engine

13. Difference Engine ctd..

14. Functionality of Difference Engine • The difference engine consists of a number of columns, numbered from 1 to N. • Each column is able to store one decimal number. The only operation the engine can do is add the value of a column n + 1 to column n to produce the new value of n. • Column N can only store a constant, column 1 displays (and possibly prints) the value of the calculation on the current iteration. • Subtraction can be accomplished through the use of the Method of complements, or ten's complement arithmetic, which works in exactly the same manner that modern computers perform subtraction, known as two's complement.

15. Analytical Engine (1830s) • This was invented by Charles Babbage who is known as “the father of computers”. Designed to store one thousand 50 digit numbers for calculations and decisions

16. Analytical Engine

17. Analytical Engine • The Analytical Engine included the units which a general purpose computer has today. Therefore it is considered the real predecessor for general purpose computers used today. The units included were: • An input device: Punched cards provided the input. • A control unit: A unit used to control or program the processor.

18. Analytical Engine • A processor (or calculator) : A unit which consisted mechanical parts to process data. • Storage: A unit which could hold 1000 50-digit numbers. • An output device: Used to print the final results. • Any how this computer was not completed, due to the problems of the technology availability at that period

19. Tabulating machine (1890s) • This was invented by Herman Hollerith to tabulate 1890 US census data. It was electrically powered and, used punched cards.

20. Tabulating machine

21. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) • In 1937 John V. Atanasoff created the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC).This is considered as the first electronic computer.

22. Atanasoff-Berry Computer

23. Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) • Electronic computers based on digital switching The first true digital electronic computer was created by John V Atanasoff during 1937-1942. • The Atanasoff-Berry Computer was the first to use modern digital switching techniques. • Vacuum tubes were used as switches (the needs of switches are explained later). • The concepts of using binary arithmetic and logic circuits were introduced to computing world by this ABC.

24. Mark I (1944) • This was invented in 1944 by Dr. Howard Aiken. The idea is based on programmable, general purpose computer.

25. Mark I

26. Mark I

27. Mark I • The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), called the Mark I by Harvard University,was the first large-scale automatic digital computer in the USA. It is considered by some to be the first universal calculator. • The electromechanical ASCC was devised by Howard H. Aiken created at IBM, shipped to Harvard in February 1944, and formally delivered there on August 7, 1944. • The main advantage of the Mark I was that it was fully automatic—it didn't need any human intervention once it started. • It was the first fully automatic computer to be completed. It was also very reliable, much more so than early electronic computers. • It is considered to be "the beginning of the era of the modern computer" and "the real dawn of the computer age".

28. Von - Neuman In 1945 John von Neuman specified the architecture of the EDVAC, which introduced the stored-program computer concept

29. VON Neuman Architecture • In 1945 John von Neuman specified the architecture of the EDVAC, which introduced the stored-program computer concept • John Von Neumann introduced the idea of using the computer as a fixed physical structure and to use programmed control, without the need for any change in hardware. • This allowed executing many different programs (tasks) without changing the physical structure of the computer. • The Von Neumann’s idea is known as the “stored-program technique” (figure 2.10. This idea became the base for the future generation high-speed computers and is used by modern day computers.

30. ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) • In 1946 John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert introduced the ENIAC, an electronic computing machine.

31. ENIAC • This was a valve based computer and now referred to as a first generation computer. ENIAC had the following characteristics: • Operated on 10-digit numbers and could multiply two such numbers at the rate of 300 products per second. Was about 1000 times faster than the previous generation of electromechanical relay computers. • Was a valve based computer. • Used approximately 18,000 vacuum tubes, and occupied 1,800 square feet of floor space and consumed around 180,000 watts of electrical power. • Punch cards were used as input and output and registers served as adders and also as quick-access read/write storage. • The executable instructions of a program were created using specified wiring and switches that controlled the flow of computations through the machine. • AS such, ENIAC had to be rewired and switched for each program to be run.

32. UNIVAC • UNIVAC to the modern day computers At around 1947 computers started to use these ideas mentioned above such as stored-program technique. • They are now considered as first generation computers. Some machines introduced at this time are EDVAC and UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer ). • These computers used the concept of RAM (Random Access Memory) for the first time. • The RAM was used to store programs and data when the computer is functioning. • They used the machine language to write programs and later computers started to use high-level languages. • UNIVAC was the first true general-purpose computer which was able to manipulate both alphabetical and numerical programs. This made computers available not only for science and military, but also for business. *EDVAC and UNIVAC was created in 1951

33. UNIVAC

34. In 1947 William Shockley, Walter Brattain and John Bardeen was successful in testing the point-contact transistor. This made the semiconductor revolution which helped to reduce the size of computers.

35. From Univac to computers TodayGenerations of computers • The development of computers and the consideration of key developments have enabled computers to be categorized into various generations. Following is summary of the generations of computers.

36. First Generation (1951-1958) • Used vacuum tubes for internal operations • Used low-Level languages for programming (machine language) • Used magnetic drums for primary memory. • Primary memory was limited. • Heat and maintenance problems were there. • Used punch cards for input and outputs. • Input and output was slow. e.g. UNIVAC I, EDVAC Vaccume tubes

37. Second Generation (1958-1964) • Used transistors for internal operations. • Increased use of high level languages. • Used magnetic cores for primary memory. • Increased memory capacity. • Binary coded data were used. • Increasing processing speed. • Used magnetic tapes and disks for secondary storage • E.g. IBM 1620 , UNIVAC 1108. Transisters

38. IMB 1620

39. Third Generation (1965-1970) • Used (ICs) on silicon chips for internal operations. • Memory capacity was increased. • Minicomputers became a common use. • Software industry emerged. • Reduction in size and cost of computers happened. • Increase in speed and reliability. E.g. HONEY WELL-6000 SERIES

40. IC HONEYWELL 600 Series

41. Fourth Generation (1971-today) • Used Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) for internal operations. • Development of the microprocessor happened. • Introductions of micro and super computers. • Increase in speed, power and storage capacity. LSI: VLSI:

42. Parallel processing was introduced. • Artificial intelligence and expert systems were introduced. • Robotics was introduced. • Increased use of Micro/Personal Computers. • E.g. Apple II , IBM PC , Micro Computers

43. Apple II IBM PC

44. Fifth Generation (1981-1990s) • A project to develop intelligent computers. They are computers with artificial intelligence. Symbolic manipulation and symbolic reasoning is required.

45. Personal Computers • The Personal Computers (PC) is one of the most commonly used computer types in the world. In 1975 IBM introduced its first personal computer (PC). • The PC named Model 5100 had 16KB of memory, a built-in 16 x 64 character display, and a built-in BASIC language interpreter. IBM 5100

46. Personal Computers contd.. • Started from here, today there are many different PCs available in the market. • The PCs have evolved a lot by today compared to its inception in 1975. Today IBM PCs are based on microprocessors such as Intel Pentium 4 etc. • The original PC had one or two single sided floppy drives that stored 160KB and today we have PCs which have even 200GB of disk space. • IBM originated the development of PCs and today there are many other companies who dominate in the PC industry such as Microsoft, Intel, and AMD etc.

47. Modern day computers • Modern day computers are much advanced than earlier computers. They help us in our day to day life, to get most of our tasks done. Today there are many different categories of computer systems available, such as: • Supercomputers • Mainframe computers • Minicomputers • Network servers • Personal computers

48. Supercomputers • Supercomputers are the most powerful computer systems available. • Supercomputers are sophisticated, expensive computers, using state-of-the-art technology (modern technology at its best). Supercomputers are designed to perform large amounts of workloads and are used by researcher organizations, • universities and by organizations which perform tasks which require enormous amount of computing power. Supercomputers are used in the simulation and modeling of complex systems. E.g. weather, chemical processes,US economicpredictions, motion of galaxies. A supercomputer may have thousands of micro-processors in it and provides processing speeds, many times that of your home computer.

49. Supercomputer

50. Mainframe computers • Mainframe computers are large powerful systems. Users connect to a mainframe computer and access the resources of the mainframe computer through a device called a terminal . Terminals are of two types which are dumb terminals and intelligent terminals. Dumb terminals do not do any processing, • It is used to connect and get tasks done by using the resources (processor, memory, storage) of the mainframe computer. In contrast a intelligent terminal has some limited processing power, but mostly don’t have the capability of storing data. You can also use a standard personal computer to connect to the mainframe as it is done in some working environments. • A large mainframe computer can handle even more than 1000 users at a given time. For example an airline company can use a mainframe computer to handle its flight reservation systems, where some times large no of users might connect to the system at a given time.