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Analogy-Making

Analogy-Making. Consider the following cognitive activities. Recognition:. Recognition: A child learns to recognize cats and dogs in books as well as in real life. Recognition: A child learns to recognize cats and dogs in books as well as in real life.

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Analogy-Making

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  1. Analogy-Making

  2. Consider the following cognitive activities

  3. Recognition:

  4. Recognition: • A child learns to recognize cats and dogs in books as well as in real life.

  5. Recognition: • A child learns to recognize cats and dogs in books as well as in real life.

  6. People can recognize letters of the alphabet, e.g., ‘A’, in many different typefaces and handwriting styles.

  7. People can recognize letters of the alphabet, e.g., ‘A’, in many different typefaces and handwriting styles.

  8. People can recognize styles of music:

  9. People can recognize styles of music: • “That sounds like Mozart”

  10. People can recognize styles of music: • “That sounds like Mozart” • “That’s a muzak version of ‘Hey Jude’”

  11. People can recognize styles of music: • “That sounds like Mozart” • “That’s a muzak version of ‘Hey Jude’” • People can recognize abstract situations:

  12. People can recognize styles of music: • “That sounds like Mozart” • “That’s a muzak version of ‘Hey Jude’” • People can recognize abstract situations: • A “Cinderella story” • “Another Vietnam” • “Monica-gate” • “Shop-aholic”

  13. People make scientific analogies:

  14. People make scientific analogies: • “Biological competition is like economic competition” (Darwin)

  15. People make scientific analogies: • “Biological competition is like economic competition” (Darwin) • “The nuclear force is like the electromagnetic force” (Yukawa)

  16. People make scientific analogies: • “Biological competition is like economic competition” (Darwin) • “The nuclear force is like the electromagnetic force” (Yukawa) • “The computer is like the brain” (von Neumann)

  17. People make scientific analogies: • “Biological competition is like economic competition” (Darwin) • “The nuclear force is like the electromagnetic force” (Yukawa) • “The computer is like the brain” (von Neumann) • “The brain is like the computer” (Simon, Newell, etc.)

  18. People make unconscious analogies

  19. People make unconscious analogies Man:“I’m going shopping for a valentine for my wife.”

  20. People make unconscious analogies Man:“I’m going shopping for a valentine for my wife.” Female colleague:“I did that yesterday.”

  21. People make unconscious analogies Newly married woman:“I often forget my new last name”

  22. People make unconscious analogies Newly married woman:“I often forget my new last name” Man: “I have that trouble every January”

  23. People make unconscious analogies Computer scientist: “I’m in artificial intelligence because it’s a mixture of psychology, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science”

  24. People make unconscious analogies Computer scientist: “I’m in artificial intelligence because it’s a mixture of psychology, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science” Architect: “That’s the reason I’m in architecture”

  25. What is common to all these examples?

  26. Copycat(Douglas Hofstadter, Melanie Mitchell, Jim Marshall)

  27. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd ijk--->

  28. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd ijk ---> ijl(replace rightmost letter by successor)

  29. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd ijk ---> ijl(replace rightmost letter by successor) ijd(replace rightmost letter by ‘d’)

  30. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd ijk ---> ijl(replace rightmost letter by successor) ijd(replace rightmost letter by ‘d’) ijk(replace all ‘c’sby ‘d’s)

  31. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd ijk ---> ijl(replace rightmost letter by successor) ijd(replace rightmost letter by ‘d’) ijk(replace all ‘c’sby ‘d’s) abd(replace any string by ‘abd’)

  32. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd iijjkk ---> ?

  33. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd iijjkk ---> iijjkl Replace rightmost letter by successor

  34. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd iijjkk ---> ?

  35. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd iijjkk ---> iijjll Replace rightmost “letter” by successor

  36. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd kji ---> ?

  37. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd kji ---> kjj Replace rightmost letter by successor

  38. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd kji ---> ?

  39. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd kji ---> lji Replace “rightmost” letter by successor

  40. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd kji ---> ?

  41. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd kji ---> ?

  42. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd kji ---> kjh Replace rightmost letter by “successor”

  43. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd mrrjjj ---> ?

  44. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd mrrjjj ---> mrrjjk Replace rightmost letter by successor

  45. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd mrrjjj ---> ?

  46. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd mrrjjj ---> ? 1 2 3

  47. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd mrrjjj ---> ? 1 2 3 1 2 4

  48. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd mrrjjj ---> mrrjjjj 1 2 3 Replace rightmost “letter” by successor 1 2 4

  49. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd xyz ---> ?

  50. Idealizing analogy-making abc ---> abd xyz ---> xya Replace rightmost letter by successor

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