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Assumptions of Cognitive Model

Assumptions of Cognitive Model. Our thoughts or self-statements about our experiences (not external events themselves) are responsible for emotional & behavioral reactions.

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Assumptions of Cognitive Model

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  1. Assumptions of Cognitive Model • Our thoughts or self-statements about our experiences (not external events themselves) are responsible for emotional & behavioral reactions. • Although cognitions (self-statements) may have resulted from historical events, people re-indoctrinate themselves with these beliefs in the here-and-now. • Expectations have a powerful influence on thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

  2. Cognitive View • Locus of Control: The source of your control. • Internal • External

  3. Cognitive View • Self-efficacy: Sense of ability to follow through and produce specific behaviors. • You believe you can do it! • Is related to persistence • Self-regulation • Bandura’s reciprocal determinism

  4. Is our behavior a function of in-born traits or the situations we find ourselves in? • Traits: A relatively consistent characteristic exhibited in different situations. • Situationalism: behavioral model that asserts that our behavior is a function of the situation. • Interactionalism: Both traits and situations affect thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. • Cultural factors interact with personality traits! • Asians & assertiveness

  5. Big-Five Model • Factor analytic research indicates that all descriptions of personality can be placed in one of these five categories. • Neuroticism. • Extraversion. • Openness. • Agreeableness. • Conscientiousness.

  6. Personality: Different models. Hans Eysenck: Three Superfactors • Extraversion • Neuroticism • Psychoticism *Combo. of big five agreeableness & conscientiousness; includes traits of social deviance & non-conformity.

  7. Measuring Personality • Most assessment procedures focus on overt behavior. 1) Interviews 2) Observation 3) Personality Inventories

  8. Purposes of Personality Assessment • Self-awareness. • Career counseling. • Improving relationships, both personal & business. • Diagnosis & Treatment Planning. • Research: describe, explain, & predict behavior.

  9. MMPI/MMPI-2 • MMPI developed in 1940’s in Minnesota. • Measures both personality traits and symptoms of mental disorders. • Claim to fame: most researched and widely used measure of abnormal personality. • 567 True-False Items. Time: 1 ½ hours. • T-scores over 65 (PR  90) are considered to be significant.

  10. The MMPI-2 Scales: rest hands…. • Depression (D): Distress, depression • Hysteria (Hy): Physical symptoms w/ no biological cause • Psychopathic Deviate (Pd): Disregard for moral & social standards • Masculinity-Femininity (Mf): Having traditional male or female traits

  11. The MMPI-2 Scales • Paranoia (Pa): Fear of others & suspiciousness • Psychasthenia (Pt): Rigidity, tension, worry • Schizophrenia (Sc): bizarre & unusual thinking • Hypomania (Ma): Excitability, impulsiveness • Social Introversion (S): Modesty, Shyness

  12. MMPI-2 Scales • Cannot Say (?): Evasiveness • Lying (L): Lying in order to look good • Infrequency (F): Lying in order to look bad • Correction (K): Defensiveness in filling out the scale

  13. Response Sets: responding to the structure, rather than the content, of test items • Social Desirability. • Faking Good or Bad. • “Yea” Saying (acquiescence) or “Nay” Saying. • Constant Errors: selecting the same response over and over. • Central Tendency Error: tendency to respond in the middle of a rating system.

  14. The Brain & Personality • Temperament: Natural tendencies to engage in a certain style of behavior. • Present at age 3; correlated with personality at age 18 (Caspi, 2000). • Linked to unsafe sex, alcohol dependence, violent crime, dangerous driving (Caspi, 1997). • Sensation seeking: Perhaps due to low levels of the chemical monoamine oxidase (MAO)

  15. The Brain: Dimensions of Temperament • Buss and Plomin (1984): • Activity (vigor & tempo) • Sociability • Emotionality (distress/fear/anger) • Impulsivity

  16. The Brain • Neuroticism: More easily and intensely emotionally aroused and are more easily “conditioned.” • Amygdala • Psychoticism: Autonomic and central nervous system underarousal. Also, low level of serotonin. • Seek risks • Raine et al (1990) Underarousal at age 15 predicted criminality at age 24 for 75% or cases!

  17. Biological Explanations for Personality Differences • Extraversion (sociable & high stimulation) • Introvert (shy, quiet, solitary) • Extraverts less “arousable” • Different biological responses to certain drugs. • Extraverts are more sensitive to reward • Introverts are more sensitive to punishment • E.g. gambling

  18. Genes • Lykken & Colleagues (1993) • Well-being is 44-80% heritable • Work and leisure interests are 50% heritable…. • Must think in terms of temperament • Genes may determine (through physiology) how easily you are aroused. • But, how will genes be expressed? • Behavior genetics support that personality is determined by an interaction between genes and environment.

  19. Just for fun! • Do you think being the youngest or oldest child in your family influenced your personality? How?

  20. Just for fun…

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