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Designing Participatory GIS/SDSS. Piotr Jankowski Department of Geography San Diego State University. http://geography.sdsu.edu/People/Faculty/jankowski.html. Lecture Outline . Public participation as organized activity Design framework
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Designing Participatory GIS/SDSS Piotr Jankowski Department of Geography San Diego State University http://geography.sdsu.edu/People/Faculty/jankowski.html
Lecture Outline • Public participation as organized activity • Design framework • Example of PPGIS designs guided by the framework
Deliberative-Analytic Processes • The deliberative component: • provides an opportunity to interactively give voice to choices about values, alternatives, and recommendations. • The analytic component: • provides technical information that ensures broad-based, competent perspectives are treated .
More Questions Who participates? What Social-Institutional Influences? What Process? What Data? What Tools? What Outcomes?
Assessment Framework for PPGIS Convening Constructs Process Constructs Outcome Constructs Public Participation as Social Interaction using Participatory GIS Tools Social-Institutional Influence Task Outcomes Group Participant Influence Appropriation Group Process Social Outcomes Data and Tool Influence Emergent Influence (Nyerges & Jankowski, 1997, 2001)
Assessing Convening Constructs • Social-institutional influence • Power and control • Convening influence • Rules and norms
Assessing Convening Constructs • Group participant Influence • Participant values • Knowledge of subject domain • Attitudes towards technology
Assessing Convening Constructs • Data and Tool Influence • Availability of relevant data • Availability of information aids
Public participation as social interaction using GIS tools • Appropriation • Group process • Emergent influence
Summary of assessment framework • Assess: • Problem context • Participatory process • Expected outcomes
Design Considerations Group Size Small | Large Technology Simple | Complex Setting Synchronous | Asynchronous
Eliciting participant information needs • In-depth interviews with a diverse sample of participants • Personas – fictional composites that adequately represent the spectrum of diversity in backgrounds and perspectives among the stakeholders
Identifying data and tools • Data and tools as function of participant information needs and process requirements • Process requirements guide the selection of tools supporting information flow
Integrating data and tools • Process requirements • Technological arrangements
Design example: Participatory Geographic Information System for Transportation (PGIST)
Agenda Builder Value Organizer Alternative Generator Choice Modeler Summary Generator
Future Challenges • Research Questions • What are effective ways of eliciting public values and perspectives in different problem settings? • How to combine formal knowledge with informal knowledge? • How to assess costs and benefits of technology in order to make good design choices?
Acknowledgements Timothy Nyerges and the entire PGIST research team from University of Washington, University of Wyoming and San Diego State University Amy Owen, Delta State University NSF Information Technology Research Program
References Jankowski, P., T. Nyerges, S. Robischon, K. Ramsey and D. Tuthill, 2006. Design Consideration and Evaluation of a Collaborative, Spatio-Temporal Decision Support System, Transactions in GIS, 10(3): 335-354 Nyerges, T., P. Jankowski, K. Ramsey and D. Tuthill, 2006. Collaborative Water Resource Decision Support: Results of a Field Experiment, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 96(4): 699-725 Jankowski, P., and T. Nyerges. 2001. GIS for Group Decision Making. Taylor & Francis, London Nyerges, T. and P. Jankowski, 1997. Enhanced Adoptive Structuration Theory: A theory of GIS-supported Collaborative Decision Making, Geographical Systems, 4:3, pp. 225-257