Fundamentals of Computer & imaging

1. Fundamentals of Computer & imaging Lecture 1 Computer Architecture OS-windows, unix, linux, issues

2. 1. Computer Architecture

3. 1.1 What is Computer? • Definition • A programmable machine. • The two principal characteristics of a computer are: • It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. • It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).

4. 1.2 History and development of modern computer • Atanasoff-Berry Computer - First electronic-digital computer in the history • Invented by John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942.

5. 1.2 History and development of modern computer • ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator) - First patented digital computer, sponsored by US military

6. 1.2 History and development of modern computer • ENIAC Feature - Invented by John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchly at Moore school of Electrical Engineering of University of Pennsylvania 1946 - Invented based on three preceding technology : mechanical calculator (Abacus), vacuum tube, punched card - Used 18,000 vacuum tubes, about 1,800 square feet of floor space, and consumed about 180,000 watts of electrical power - 5,000 additions, 357 multiplications or 38 divisions ( per second )

7. 1.2 History and development of modern computer • Computer generations by important electro-technical development: • The first generation(1940 – 1956): vacuum tubes - huge in size, inefficient energy consumption, machine language and punch card & printout interface (ENIAC, UNIVAC) • The second generation(1956-1963) : transistors - smaller, cheaper, faster than first one. Symbolic(assembly) language, Stored instructions in the memory. • The third generation(1964-1971) : integrated circuits - keyboard & monitor interface, operating system, first accessible to mass audience

8. 1.2 History and development of modern computer • Computer generations by important electro-technical development (cont.): • The fourth generation(1971-present) : microprocessors - Intel 4004(1971), IBM PC (1981), Apples Macintosh (1984), GUI, mouse • The fifth generation(future): Artificial intelligence - respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. - quantum computation, nano-technology, parallel processing

9. 1.3 Computer Types • Personal computer : A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. Different Personal computer types with different OS: PC/MAC/Workstation • Minicomputer : A multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously. • Mainframe : A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. Dumb terminal interface • Supercomputer : An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. The Big Blue series of supercomputers is designed and programmed to try to beat human grand masters at chess and research Big Bang

10. 1.3 Computer Types

11. 1.4 Computer Standards • Standards - enables compatibility and availability of computer products - competitive industry environment (low cost investment for consumer) - wider consumer accessibility for industry • Standards Organizations • IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) • ITU (International Telecommunications Union) • ANCI ( American National Standards Institute) • ISO (International Organization for Standardization)

12. 1.4 Computer Standards • Open Architecture • - Standardized. Open to third party industry • - Allows the system to be connected easily to devices and programs made by other manufacturers • Closed Architecture • - Proprietary design. Closed to other manufacturer • - Proprietary architectures are seen as a disadvantage, making it difficult to connect the system to other systems • Consumers prefer open and standardized architectures, which allow them to mix and match products from different manufacturers. • IBM PC has been taking open architecture strategy, while Apple taking closed architecture.

13. 1.4 Typical Architecture

14. 1.4 Typical Architecture • Central Processing Unit (CPU): The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions. • Memory : Enables a computer to store data and programs, at least temporarily. • Storage device : Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. • Input device : Usually a keyboard and mouse. Data and instructions enter a computer through this. • Output device : A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished.

15. 1.4 Typical Architecture

16. 1.5 Motherboard • The main circuit board of a microcomputer. Provides connections for all the other components in the computer

17. 1.6 CPU(Central Processing Unit) • Brain of computer, housed in microprocessor • Two components : Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU) for arithmetic and logical operation, control unit for extracting data from memory and executing them • Software sends instructions to CPU.

18. 1.6 CPU(Central Processing Unit) • Clock - Synchronize all the internal processes within the CPU • Clock speed (rate) - the speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions (MHz or GHz) • Cache ( Immediate Access Memory) - maintain a consistent flow of data from and to the CPU • To keep it cool, heat sink & fan • CPU manufacturer : Intel(Pentium, Celeron), AMD(Athlon, K6, Duron), Mororola for Apple(G4, G5)

19. 1.7 Memory • Main Memory (RAM) - Physical memory that is internal to the computer - Random Access Memory , Read & Write - An array of boxes, each of which can hold a single byte of information - CPU can manipulate only data that is in main memory • Amount of main memory determines how many programs can be executed at a time. - Type: DRAM(Dynamic Ram) – need to be refreshed, SRAM(Static Ram)- no need to refresh, faster, expensive - Volatile – lose its data when power is out • Swapping : A technique that maintains portion of data in the memory when the memory is not large enough • Virtual memory

20. 1.7 Memory • ROM (Read Only Memory) - Special memory used to store programs(ex. BIOS) that boot the computerand perform diagnostics - Non-volatile • Variations: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash Memory

21. 1.8 Storage(Disk) • Hard disk - A magnetic disk on which you can store large volumes data. - Internal hard disk & portable hard disk - Several platters with tracks, read/write head and an access arm - 100Gbyte – Tbyte - Term : IDE, ATA – disk drive implementation that integrates the controller on the disk drive itself • Other disks – Zip, Jaz, tapes, CD, DVD

22. 1.8 Storage(Disk)

23. 1.9 I/O Interfacing (Peripheral devices) • I/O - Any program, operation or device that transfers data to or from a computer and to or from a peripheral device • Peripheral Device • A computer device, such as a CD-ROM drive or printer, that is not part of the essential computer, i.e., the memory and microprocessor. • External & Internal • Bus - A collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another - Internal Bus(System Bus, Host bus) between internal computer component to CPU & main memory - Expansion Bus for expansion board(card) to CPU & main memory - Performance : Bus size (with) (bit), Bus clock speed (MHz) - Type : ISA(old), PCI, AGP, SCSI • (Bus) Controller - A device( a chip) that controls the transfer of data from a computer to a peripheral device and vice versa

24. 1.9 I/O Interfacing (Peripheral devices)

25. 1.9 I/O Interfacing (Peripheral devices) • AGP Bus - Accelerated Graphics Port - Based on PCI, but is designed especially for 3-D graphics (Hit the market in 1997 by Intel) - Graphics controller can directly access main memory. 3-D textures to be stored in main memory rather than video memory - 32 bits wide and runs at 66 MHz per a channel ( toal bandwidth of 266MB, 533MB, 1.07MB ) - System requirements : AGP supporting chipset, motherboard with AGP bus slot, supporting operating system

26. 1.9 I/O Interfacing (Peripheral devices) • External Ports and Peripheral Device - A hardware port is a socket designed to allow the connection of extra devices, often outside the system case. - Ex. mouse, keyboard, monitor, and printer Types: • - PS2, USB, Parellel, Serial, SCSI, Ethernet(RJ-45), Firewire…

27. 1.10 Considerations when buying Computers • Computer Performance - Type of CPU - Clock speeds - microprocessors of other components ( ex. Video card with its own processor & memory) • size of main memory • Cache RAM in CPU, Hard disk, motherboard • Storage( enough for supporting virtual memory) • Usability • Software • Hardware Requirement • Network • Support • Upgradable

28. 2. Operating Systems - continued

29. Software Levels

30. Microsoft Windows • Dominant Desktop OS • MS-DOS : command line based operating system • Interface Manager (1981) • First announcement of Windows (1983) after Apple’s Lisa • Windows 3.0 – complete overhaul of windows environment (1990), Best selling OS • Client & server side division (1994-95) : Windows NT(94)  2000, Windows 95  Me • Windows XP( home & pro) (2001)

31. New Features in XP • Reliability • Performance enhancement • Better security • Easier to use • Better support for remote users • Improved networking and communication support • Better management and deployment tools • Help and support features

32. Unix -a popular multi-user, multitasking operating system developed at Bell Labs in the early 1970s - one of the first operating systems to be written in a high-level programming language(C) - open source : shared source code • a leading operating system for workstations (due to its portability, flexibility, and power) • Command line interface & Xwindow GUI • Unix variations : SunOS, Solaris, Irix, DEC/OSF1, HP-UX10, Linux

33. Linux • a free operating system that runs on a multiple hardware plaforms, based on Unix • first created by Linus Torvalds (1991). • Great advantage : free, supporting many platforms, performance of commercial OS • Linux variations : GNU, Red Hat… • Full server side features ( multiuser, network..)

34. Issues in Multi-OS environmtent • Data compatibility • different file system (Fat32/NTFs, HFS+, BSD) • Data transfer • need to use different method of FTP • User Interface • need to use interface emulator called ‘telnet’ • Software availability & compatibility

35. Next Week ( Lab) • Using Unix command • Telnet • FTP methods • Simple html editing

36. References • IC3-1 Computing Fundamentals with Windows XP By GTS Learning, GTSLearning, 2003 • The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture by Linda Null and Julia Lobur, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2003 • Red Hat Linux 8 Bible by Christopher Negus, John Wiley & Sons, 2002 • http://inventors.about.com/library/blcoindex.htm • http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa060298.htm • http://www.softlord.com/comp/ • http://members.fortunecity.com/pcmuseum/windows.htm • http://www.pcguide.com • http://webopedia.com