Unit 1

1. Answers to Reviewer Unit 1

2. 5 characteristics of life • Requires energy • Grows • Reproduces • Contains genetic material • Reacts to the environment

3. Q1. What all cells have in common • Genetic material : DNA and/or RNA • Cell /plasma membrane • Cytoplasm

4. Q2. Cell Structure Cell Structure Hydrophobic & HYdrophilic

5. Q3. Osmosis, Diffusion, Active Transport How materials move across the Cell membrane Definition • Osmosis • Diffusion • Active Transport • Passive Transport

6. Q4. Concentration Gradient HIGH CONCEntration->Low concentration LOW CONCENTRATION->HIGH CONCENTRATION Moves AGAINST the gradient Requires energy in the form of ATP Active Transport • moves ALONG the gradient • Doesn’t require energy • Diffusion, Osmosis, passive transport

7. Q4. Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell No chloroplast No cell wall Vacuole is smaller than plant cells Centriole-> mitosis, cytokinesis • Chloroplast where photosynthesis takes place • Cell Wall • Large Vacuole

8. Q5. Prokaryotes , Eukaryotes, Viruses Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Nucleus, nucleolus Chromosomes Cell organelles Plants, animals VIRUSES Non-living Genetic material Protein coat • No nucleus, genetic material is “naked” • Circular plasmid • No membranous cell organelles • Bacteria, Archaea

9. Q6. DNA, RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid Found in the nucleus, cytoplasm, three types mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Ribose sugar “uracil” instead of thymine • Found in nucleus of eukaryotes, contains genetic information for encoding proteins • Deoxyribose sugar • Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

10. Q7. Transcription DEFINITION STEPS • DNA-> RNA

11. Q8 Translation RNA-> PROTEIN

12. Q9. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology • DNA-> RNA-> PROTEIN

13. Q10. Endoplasmic Reticulum • System of folded sacs and channels where translation takes place, proteins are created and where lipids are modified.

14. Q11. Rough ER, Soft ER ROUGH ER SOFT ER Modifies, detoxifies lipids No ribosomes • Synthesizes proteins • Ribosomes on it

15. Q12. What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus? • Modification, packaging proteins • Transport of proteins to the plasma membrane for secretion

16. Q13. Photosynthesis • Reactants: Carbon dioxide, Water • Products: Glucose ( sugar), Oxygen

17. Q14. Light vs Dark reactions LIGHT-Dependent Light-independent ( DARK) CO2, ATP, NADH, H react Formation of glucose • Water is oxidized • Light energy is converted into chemical energy • Generates ATP, NADPH,H, Oxygen

18. Q15. Cellular Respiration reactants products Carbon dioxide, Water Energy-> ATP • Glucose • Oxygen ( aerobic) • No oxygen ( anaerobic)

19. Q16. ATP • Adenosine triphosphate • Energy molecule

20. Q17. Matrix vsCristae( Mitochondria) • Matrix-> carbohydrates broken down to CO2 and water • Cristae-> ATP is produced

21. Q18 Polysaccharides • monosaccharides

22. Q19. Proteins • Amino Acids

23. Q20. LIPIDS • Fatty acids • Glycerol

24. Q21. Nucleic Acids • Nitrogenous bases • Sugar • Phosphate • Ex. DNA, RNA

25. Q22. What are macromolecules • Large carbon compounds necessary for life * Living organisms are made out of C, H, O, N, P, S • Polysaccharides • Proteins • Triglycerides • Nucleic Acids

26. Exit Test • What is the central dogma of molecular biology? What are the organelles involved? What processes are involved? • What is the function of the cell membrane? • How does the cell generate its energy? What processes are involved? Name the types of cells, reactants, products involved.