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3. Introduction: Cannabis as Alternative Medicine Cannabis has been used for millennia in cultures worldwide as a medicinal plant. Given the numerous references in ancient texts, at one-time cannabis was as conventional as Penicillin. It’s only relatively recently that Western medicine has eclipsed herbal treatments, cannabis among them, and consigned them to the alternative bucket, in the esteemed company of acupuncture and homeopathy. An American Tradition Cannabis wasn’t always considered alternative medicine on American soil. It was widely used by native tribes from coast to coast. Even George Washington grew cannabis and noted its medicinal qualities in agricultural ledgers. Today, cannabis is regaining respect for its healing chops. It’s now widely used to treat pain, nausea, anxiety, depression, muscle spasms, and seizures. Those with multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and epilepsy all report therapeutic effects. Israeli researchers are exploring the potential of cannabis to treat traumatic brain injuries; while a Harvard study found cannabis helped stabilize the brains of people who suffer from bipolar disorder. Other studies are investigating the effects of cannabis on Alzheimer’s disease and various forms of cancer. How is it possible for one plant to treat such a diverse range of conditions? As it turns out, cannabis is a veritable pharmacy of beneficial chemical compounds. The plant is comprised of over 100 cannabinoids, the most famous of which are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). The therapeutic qualities of these phytonutrients have been well documented, and more are emerging every day. Conversely, researchers are only beginning to study the healing effects of terpenes. Specific concentrations of terpenes are what gives each cannabis strain its distinctive taste, smell, and unique bundle of therapeutic properties—antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, anti-anxiety, among them.

4. There is still much to learn about how cannabinoids and terpenes do all the amazing things they do. Evidence suggests that we may only have uncovered the tip of the iceberg. As new research catches up to ancient knowledge, cannabis is returning to its mainstream status. The wheel turns. while traveling in China in 1971, two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist James Reston underwent an emergency appendectomy, after which Chinese medical personnel treated his pain with acupuncture. His description of the experience in the pages of the New York Times brought the practice of traditional Chinese medicine front and center. Two years later, Lewis Thomas, then president of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, delivered an address in which he said, “These are bad times for reason, all around. Suddenly, all of the major ills are being coped with by acupuncture. If not acupuncture, it is apricot pits.” Thomas was referring to laetrile, a compound extracted from the pits of apricots and bitter almonds, one of the most sought-after alternative treatments for cancer at the time, but one whose effectiveness had been the topic of bitter controversy for years. Banned since 1963 in the U.S., laetrile is reported to still be readily available in the Bahamas and Mexico and is sold .

5. And the examples don’t end there. Lots of ballyhoo, head-scratching, and accusations of quackery attended growing patient demand for alternative treatments, hyped in the popular press as cures that were “natural” and based on millennia-old medical traditions practiced in places such as China and India. In 1999, in response to a growing outcry for some kind of evidence-based scientific analysis of the safety and efficacy of this blizzard of nonconventional treatments, the National Institutes of Health, then under the direction of Harold Varmus, established the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). Since its founding, NCCAM has funded basic and clinical research at institutions around the world on plant and animal products such as acai, black cohosh, gingko biloba, and shark cartilage, as well as on the therapeutic value of treatments including acupuncture, yoga, massage, reiki, and meditation. Almost 40 percent of US adults and 12 percent of US children have used complementary or alternative therapies, according to a 2007 survey by NCCAM, and much of what was once considered “alternative,” including acupuncture, is now part of more-holistic regimens offered at 40 percent of US hospitals, including Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. According to a 2010 survey by the American Hospital Association and the Samueli Institute, a nonprofit center for the study of wellness and healing, this trend is driven by patients demanding alternative or complementary treatment options for conditions that are difficult to manage or cure, such as diabetes, chronic pain, and cancer. Most physicians have l​ukewarmly embraced such therapies, often because they feel that patients will desert conventional therapy out of desperation if they are not offered a wider range of treatment options.

6. Researchers who study the scientific validity of non conventional treatments rarely see them as stand-alone remedies, preferring to call the union of conventional and nonconventional “integrated therapy.” The Scientist​ staff asked experts about the scientific evidence for a number of treatments that may be on the verge of becoming incorporated into integrated therapies, from acupuncture and probiotics to marijuana and psychedelics. We sought to highlight the data that either supports or contravenes the effectiveness of these alternative therapies. As with most health interventions, we uncovered both positive and negative aspects of these treatments for which patients are clamoring and physicians are demanding evidence. Facts about the benefits of medical marijuana are sparse, hampered by the politics and regulatory difficulties of doing such research. Marijuana (​Cannabis ​sp.) has been used as a medicine for more than 4,000 years. But in the eyes of the US federal government, cannabis is an illegal drug that has no place in the clinic. Biomedical researchers who would like to study cannabis in a medical setting are frustrated by the challenges of obtaining government clearance and funding. But some data pointing to medical benefits of smoking marijuana do exist. In 1970, the US Congress voted to classify cannabis under Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act. Marijuana joined heroin, LSD, and peyote on Schedule I, and according to the Act, it—along with all other Schedule I

7. drugs—has a high potential for abuse, lacks safety, and has “no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.” Since then, 16 US states and the District of Columbia have legalized the use of medicinal cannabis for a variety of indications, from chronic pain to cancer- and HIV-related appetite and weight loss, nausea, and vomiting. But despite the recent wave of state-level legalization, and the enactment of similar laws in Canada and elsewhere around the globe, the US federal government still classifies marijuana as a Schedule I drug, a designation that makes studying the medical effects of the drug in the U.S. extremely difficult (requiring approval from the Drug Enforcement Administration in addition to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)). Therefore, it has been far more common (and easier) to get funding and clearance to study the negative impacts of marijuana as a substance of abuse than to investigate its positive effects as a therapeutic agent. Nonetheless, some researchers have braved the bureaucratic obstacles to conduct a handful of randomized, placebo-controlled trials that point to benefits of smoking cannabis, though they acknowledge that smoking the plant comes with its own risks and drawbacks. A more extensive body of literature involves molecular components, extracts, or synthetic forms of marijuana,

8. simply because studying these non-Schedule I substances is less fraught with regulatory obstacles than is studying the whole plant. The strongest evidence of smoked marijuana’s benefit exists in patients who experience chronic pain. With funding from the University of California Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research (CMCR), researchers published studies in 2007, 2008, and 2009 that all suggested smoked cannabis possessed analgesic properties. A study published in 2007, for example, noted that HIV patients experiencing neurological pain, or neuropathy—a general name for burning pain, hypersensitivity to light touch, and other uncomfortable symptoms—experienced a dulling of that pain when they smoked a cannabis cigarette three times a day for 5 days. Psychiatrist Igor Grant, director of the center and an HIV/AIDS researcher at the University of California, San Diego, says that patients suffering from neuropathy in particular seem to find relief in cannabis. “We don’t have terrific agents to treat it. There are agents [such as antiepileptics and antidepressants] and they are modestly effective in many people,” Grant says. “The bottom line is that [cannabis] seems to work, and the effects are comparable in strength to traditional agents.” Other studies from the CMCR have probed new conditions the plant might be used to treat. For example, UC San Diego researchers reported in 2008 that smoked marijuana has the potential to reduce muscle spasticity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. That finding was bolstered by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study published last year on the liquid marijuana extract Sativex, which is approved for use in some European countries, Canada, and New Zealand. The results of that trial, conducted by European researchers, indicated that a 4-week course of Sativex, an oral spray that contains the cannabinoids cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was safe and effective at reducing spasticity in many MS patients.

9. US researchers are completing Phase III trials of Sativex for the treatment of pain associated with cancer, and Otsuka Pharmaceutical, the US licensing partner of UK drugmaker GW Pharmaceuticals, hopes to gain FDA approval soon. Aside from the relative logistical ease of studying constituents, extracts, or synthetics due to the fact that they do not run afoul of the Controlled Substances Act, these compounds stimulate the endocannabinoid system, the body’s homegrown constellation of receptors that interact with the active components of cannabis in a more tractable way than does smoked cannabis. “Harnessing that system with medications is a potentially new avenue for therapeutics,” says Mark Ware, McGill University neurologist and pain physician. For example, Marinol is a synthetic THC drug that is used by chemotherapy patients experiencing nausea and vomiting or AIDS patients who are rapidly losing weight. It is the only FDA-approved synthetic cannabinoid, and offers an alternative to conventional therapies for these patients, though results have been mixed when comparing its effects to those of smoked cannabis, with the herbal version usually outperforming the synthetic. This highlights one problem with going the synthetic route in the eyes of some cannabis researchers. “We shouldn’t forget that the herbal product contains multiple other constituents which may add to the effects of any one single agent,” says Ware. Also problematic are isolated cannabinoids’ tendency to be rapidly broken down in the liver and the difficulty in determining optimal doses. As the political and social storm around medical cannabis continues to brew, most researchers who have seriously tested the drug’s therapeutic properties lament their inability to freely study it in a medical context. “The [cannabis] laws date to a time when what we knew about marijuana was voodoo,” says Mayo Clinic psychiatrist Michael Bostwick. “[The drug] can’t be applied to humans and to therapeutics because the laws don’t permit it to be done. The whole attitude towards medical marijuana is just irrational.”

10. For its part, the NIH claims that studying smoked marijuana is fair game. “Research projects seeking to determine the therapeutic potential of smoked marijuana are considered under the same criteria as any other project submitted for NIH funding,” the agency wrote in an e-mail to The Scientist​. “Investigator-initiated applications for NIH funding are evaluated by peer-review groups composed of scientists from outside the NIH. The peer-review group evaluates the scientific and technical merit of the proposed research.” That said, the NIH’s Research Portfolio online Reporting Tools (RePORT) database lists many more active projects focusing on molecular components of cannabis or marijuana as a harmful drug than it does projects seeking to probe the potential medical benefits of smoking cannabis. Still, officials at the HHS also claim that the US government is game to fund studies of medical marijuana. “We’re very open to people submitting applications and trying to make [evaluating medical marijuana study proposals] a transparent and efficient process,” says Sarah Wattenberg, senior advisor for substance abuse policy at HHS. “In order for us to move this forward at all, we have to take the politics and stigma away, deal with it as a therapeutic class, and give people what science there is,” says Ware. Particularly vexing to Ware is that so many people all over the world are using marijuana either recreationally or for the treatment of some ailment, legally or more often illegally, while science is forced to sit idly by and miss out on all that potential data. “We have so many people who are already doing the drug in one form or another in some sort of legal framework, but they’re not being involved in any type of research,” he says. “There’s kind of a huge natural experiment going on right now, and we’re not learning from it.” The city delivery - Buy Weed Online | Recreation dispensary cannabis Delivery