The Best Universities in India to Study, 2023

India Vol. 09 | Issue 01 | 2023 Vol. 09 | Issue 01 | 2023 Vol. 09 | Issue 01 | 2023 www.theknowledgereview.in The Best Embracing the Digital Revolution The Impact of Online Learning in Indian Universities Universities in India to Study, 2023 Pros, Cons, and Future Prospects The Privatization of Higher Education in India School of Allied Health Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation Deemed to be University Deemed to be University Equipping Students to Thrive in a Digitalized World

Hustling Towards a New Era of Progress India's education landscape is constantly evolving, with institutions striving for excellence and embracing innovative teaching methodologies, research advancements, and global partnerships. In our latest edition, 'The Best Universities in India to Study, 2023,' The Knowledge Review acknowledges the diverse offerings of the prime educational institutions in the country. I ndia, a diverse and culturally rich nation, has long been revered for its ancient centers of learning. Over centuries, these institutions drew scholars from across the world, establishing India as a global hub for knowledge and education. Today, India's educational landscape has evolved significantly, presenting a fascinating tapestry of traditional wisdom and modern innovation. As India hustles towards a new era of progress and development, these universities play a pivotal role in nurturing young minds, fostering research and innovation, and addressing societal challenges. We believe these universities will continue imparting knowledge and skills that are essential for the 21st century. They equip students with critical thinking, problem-solving abilities, communication skills, and technological proficiency. By offering diverse academic programs and encouraging interdisciplinary approaches, universities can prepare students for a rapidly evolving job market. It is important to preserve the long educational heritage of India and it is safe to say that the country is blessed with impeccable educational institutions to nurture this dream. In recent decades, the country has witnessed a rapid expansion of higher education. The government's emphasis on education, coupled with private sector initiatives, has led to a proliferation of universities and institutions offering a diverse range of academic programs. This expansion has opened up a myriad of opportunities for students, empowering them to choose from a wide array of disciplines and specializations. Have an engaging read! Editor’s Gopal Ingole - Gopal Ingole Note

Profiles 18 Amity University Haryana Amity University Haryana Embodying India’s Rich Intellectual Heritage School of Allied Health Sciences, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation Deemed to be University 36 Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya Vishwavidyalaya Equipping Students to Thrive in a Digitalized World 08 Pioneer in a Mentoring-based Education 26 CoverStory Advancements in Advancements in Machine Learning Machine Learning CXOs 28 An Academic, Economic, An Academic, Economic, and Social Perspective and Social Perspective Contents 22 Embracing the Embracing the Digital Revolution Digital Revolution Articles 32 Pros, Cons, and Pros, Cons, and Future Prospects Future Prospects

thisPublication Creators of The Best Universities in India to Study, 2023 September, 2023 Pooja Bansal Editor-in-Chief sales@theknowledgereview.com URL Name of the Institution Brief Riya Chatterjee Gopal Ingole Managing Editor Assisting Editor Amity University Haryana has instituted global education, training, and research standards with state-of-the-art infrastructure and the latest teaching methodologies. Amity University Haryana amity.edu/gurugram theknowledgereview theknowledgerv Art & Design Head and Visualiser Co-designer Rahul Shinde Ankita Pandharpure Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, is a unique temple of knowledge as it offers a wide range of courses from arts to sciences, from Ayurveda to modern medicine, and from music to management. We are also available on Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi bhuonline.in Swapnali Vasaikar Ashwini Pahurkar Swati More Asst. Vice President Marketing Manager Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, aims to strengthen the overall health system in the country through education, training, research, and advocacy/policy initiatives. Sr. BDE Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar iiphg.edu.in Rajeshwari Avhad Renuka Kulkarni Ravindra Kadam Tanaji Fartade Technical Specialist Digital Marketing Manager SME-SMO Executive Circulation Manager The Knowledge Review School of Allied Health Sciences, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation Deemed to be University School of Allied Health Sciences at Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation Deemed to be University has served students' needs in rural areas for the last two decades. Survey No.133/134, Brand Square, Office No. 512,Kunjir Chowk, Pimple Saudagar, Pune, Maharashtra 411027. Phone - India: +91 7410079881/ 82/83/ 84/ 85 Email: info@theknowledgereview.com For Subscription: theknowledgereview.com vmrfdu.edu.in Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya's vision is to create an educational environment that engages deep intellectual, moral, and spiritual stimulation, thereby nurturing leadership. Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya svvv.edu.in/ Copyright © 2023 Insights Success Media and Technology Pvt. Ltd., All rights reserved. The content and images used in this magazine should not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission from Insights success. Reprint rights remain solely with Insights Success Media and Technology Pvt. Ltd. The Knowledge Review is powered by Insights Success Media and Technology Pvt. Ltd.

We have received ‘Great Place to Work’ Certification and also WASH certification from QCI, proving ourselves to be one of the best workplaces; these achievements have helped us in getting a better workforce too. School of Allied Health Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation Deemed to be University Deemed to be University Equipping Students to Thrive in a Digitalized World Cover S t o r y

The Best Universi?es in India to Study, 2023 T School of Allied Health Sciences at Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation Deemed to be University has been serving the needs of students in rural areas for the last two decades. The institute aims to achieve excellence in education and make education a tool for social change for the betterment of society. here is a growing emphasis on improving the quality of education in rural areas. This involves recruiting and training qualified teachers, implementing better teaching methods, and revising the curriculum to make it more relevant to the needs of rural students. Today, efforts are being made to move away from rote learning and encourage critical thinking and practical skills in the students. strength but also in terms of its quality and dynamicity. and alums who are recognized nationally and internationally for their leadership excellence in health care. What started with just two courses and 20 students in just one campus has now widened across four campuses in Salem, Chennai, Pondy, and Karaikal, with around 5000 students every academic year. The university is stepping into its 20th successful year with 14 Undergraduate courses, 13 Post Graduate courses, and 3 Diploma courses. Its mission is to provide Allied Health Sciences students with the knowledge, skills, and behavior to achieve their academic, professional, and personal goals as competent healthcare practitioners and active, effective citizens in their respective communities. Special attention is given to the recruitment and graduation of rural school-leaving and destitute students with high academic potential. Students are prepared to assume leadership roles and provide health services to underserved and global communities. School of Allied Health Sciences, a unit of Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation Deemed to be University, started in the year 2004, which was a dream come true of its Founder, Chancellor Dr. A. Shanmugasundaram, whose vision was to empower the youth from the rural background. Year after year, not only did the institute grow in student There is a huge demand for qualified and skilled Healthcare professionals across the globe. Hence we focus on creating professionals who would cater to the needs of society. Educators are experimenting with innovative teaching methods that cater to the specific challenges of rural education. Activity-based learning, peer teaching, and experiential learning are being used to make lessons more engaging and relevant for students in rural areas. Striving for Recognition The vision of the School of Allied Health Sciences is to strive to become a highly recognized, state-of-the-art, self-sufficient professional comprised of exceptional faculty, staff, students,

Able Leadership to Pave Paths The strong guidance and support of Honourable Dr. A.S. Ganesan, Chancellor, and Dr. Anuradha Ganesan, Director of VMRF-DU, has helped the institution to continual improvement and be at the forefront all through these years. Under the able and dynamic leadership of the Founder Principal and currently the Dean, Prof Dr. B. Sendilkumar, theSchool of Allied Health Sciences is the first educational institution in the country to receive ISO 21001:2018 Certification by QCI- approved TUV-SUD for its commitment to offering quality education in the most professional manner and one that ensures enormous growth potential to the students. also stands as proof of its concern and contributions towards environmental sustainability. It provides high-class pre-clinical and clinical Laboratories, Research & Development on a priority basis, exposure to high-profile professionals and peers, special expertise and high- end technology, and high-quality results, and this has led to the institution receiving 30 plus awards from various national and international conclaves. The curriculum, training, and competencies achieved by graduates in their respective fields through the institution have helped students reach an esteemed rank in their chosen fields. It is also the very first institution in India to have received Workplace Assessment for Safety and Hygiene certification (WASH) from the Quality Council of India (QCI). This certification proves its concern for the safety of students and employees and also its preparedness to combat situations like COVID-19. The ISO 14001:2015 Certification for Environmental Management system Catering to the Needs of the Society There is a huge demand for qualified and skilled Health Care professionals across the globe. Hence, VMRF-DU focuses on creating professionals who would cater to the needs of society. When VMRF-DU started with the degree programs in Allied Health courses almost 20 years back, there was no support from any of the stakeholders since not many people understood the future demand for Allied Health Professionals and the institution being located in a suburban area, it had its fair share of challenges in getting admissions in the initial years, and till date, the major challenge is the workforce demand that it is unable to meet in some of its campuses. We took steps to create awareness about the demand for Allied Health courses through Career Guidance programs at schools, and our continuous activities on awareness about health days and others have created a huge impact on the public.

It took steps to create awareness about the demand for Allied Health courses through Career Guidance programs at schools, and its continuous activities on awareness about health days and others have created a huge impact on the public. received the ‘District Sustainability Mentorship’ by ‘Mahatma Gandhi National Council of Rural Education’ (MGNCRE), Ministry of Education, Govt of India to promote sustainability in colleges and villages in Salem district. screening for 18,236 people, and around 6000 of them have been given free spectacles, and more than 10000 tree saplings have been planted by the EVS club. We provide high-class pre-clinical and clinical laboratories, Research & Development on a priority basis, exposure to high-profile professionals and peers, special expertise and high-end technology, and high-quality results, and this has led to the institution receiving 30 plus awards from various national and international conclaves. SAHS actively participates in the monthly Swachhta Activities suggested by MGNCRE, Government of India. Certification from the Mahatma Gandhi National Council of Rural Education, GOI, has been received for showcasing sustainability in Greenery, Water and Energy conservation, Waste management, and Land Use management. The institute has received ‘Great Place to Work’ Certification and also WASH certification from QCI, proving itself to be one of the best workplaces; these achievements have helped in getting a better workforce too. It has instituted NSS, RRC, Youth Club, Fit India Club, and EVS club through which social welfare activities like health awareness programs, fitness campaigns, free health screening and free spectacle distribution, blood donation camps, tree plantation activities, engaging rural youths in environmental wellness and empowerment programs are organized. Pursuit of Rural Development The college has been recognized under the Unnath Bharat Abhiyan scheme of Govt. of India and adopted five villages and welfare measures have been carried out throughout the year for the benefit of these villages and Enhancing Essential Skills Industry-specific and Industry designed courses are offered by the college for different department students. For Example, Optometry students are offered industry-specific courses by organizations like Bausch and Lomb, which is a leading international contact lens company. Nearly 200 social service and awareness activities are being organized every year. It has done eye Another example is Siemens Healthiness which offers industry- specific courses for Radiography and Anaesthesia Technology students. These courses are certified by the industries offering them and play a significant role as they increase the value of their resume. Training sessions on soft skills are given as a certificate course that helps students improve their communication skills, personality development, critical thinking, problem-solving skills, etc. All these initiatives help them to make a mark globally. The country is going through an accelerated pace of economic diversification and digital transformation across all sectors. It is clear that education must equip citizens to take their rightful place in this increasingly digitalized world. However, the Indian education system is increasingly constructed to produce. being positively connected with the potential for the migration of allied health professionals. The knowledge base of the profession is global in scope, and there is increasing cross- national transfer of technology, expertise, and services. Health professionals are migrating to what is now effectively a global market for their talent, while patients are also traveling for treatment. There is a bright future for anyone who chooses to be an Allied Health professional. Individuals are oriented to excel in ever-transforming situations of global competition, either as workers, managers, or entrepreneurs. In India, international expertise is increasingly Equipping Students to Go Rightful Places The institute management states that any student graduating should understand that a mere degree will not fetch growth. One has to be prepared to unlearn, relearn and upskill themselves through their career. Skill development is the most important factor for success in any career.

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Amity University Haryana Embodying India's Rich Intellectual Heritage A s India continues to strive for educational excellence, the focus on holistic development, critical thinking, and adapting to societal needs remains crucial. Balancing tradition and innovation will be key in shaping the future of university education in India. (CBCS) in 2013 with a multidisciplinary approach & provided great flexibility for students to design their study pathway. The university commenced with 13 UG programmes and continuously increased the number of programmes to 100 in various UG & PG disciplines, including programs regulated by statutory bodies. Ph.D. in arts, sciences, and management streams have been instrumental in raising the number of Ph.D. scholars to 680 in a few years. University offers Ph.D. Programme in 33 Disciplines. collaborations with the Sector Skill Council has considerably increased to above 100. Similarly, research and innovation at the university have witnessed exponential growth, an incredible milestone achieved with the increasing number of patents filed being above 230, funded projects amounting to above Rs 50 crores, high impact publications in Scopus being 2200, and other approved journal resulting to a growth of above 6200 and h-index to 51 in a span of 13 yrs. AUH, in collaboration with the Ministry of AYUSH in 2018, is engaged in various research activities at its herbal garden, which is diversely rich in flora and fauna. Further, 'The Central Instrumentation Research Lab' (CIRF) facility established in 2019 plays a pivotal role in accelerating research work by faculty and students and the Incubator has ideated above 25 startups, thereby fostering the research and innovation ecosystem at the campus. In these times, the role of prominent universities like Amity University Haryana will be crucial in shaping the future of the country. Amity University Haryana (AUH) through its distinctiveness as an academic institution, was established on April 26, 2010, spread over a sprawling 110 acres lush green tech- savvy campus at the foothills of the Aravalli range. It has been accredited with Grade 'A' by NAAC and has been th positioned at 94 rank in the university category by NIRF. It is the first university in India and second in Asia to achieve LEED Platinum Certificate by US Green Building Council. Over the years, the University has instituted global standards in education, training, and research with state-of-the-art modern infrastructure, the latest teaching methodologies, and digital integration. With the mission to train budding leaders of the corporate, social, and cultural world, the university strives to blend modernity with tradition for a sustainable future. Consequently, the university also began focusing on enrolling a varied and inclusive student community to enhance the cultural diversity at AUH. Currently, from the academic session 2023-2024 onwards, the university is implementing NEP 2020 in its academic framework to further strengthen the interdisciplinary & multidisciplinary approach and will continually strive to introduce new programs in emerging fields for promoting quality education. Since its inception, the university has laid a lot of emphasis on skill development, personality development, business communication, behavioural sciences, and the study of foreign languages and had also introduced the '3 Continent' programme in 2014 to provide international exposure to its students. An Innovative Model of Sustainability 'Learning and Living in Harmony with Nature' practiced at AUH has evolved the campus into a model of sustainability. The campus is maintaining an optimum balance of environment by eco-friendly building design, landscape, water & energy conservation, solar panels, air monitoring system, and reduction in carbon footprints through proper waste management essential for promoting a sustainable environment, the need of the hour. Vision To be a world class centre of creativity and innovation and to contribute to the progress of humanity through excellence in education, industry and society relevant research and extension services. Pioneer of Choice Based Credit System AUH has been a pioneer in introducing the Choice Based Credit System The number of national and international MoUs for faculty and student exchange/industry September 2023 19 18

The Best Universities in India to Study, 2023 Dr. P B Sharma, Vice Chancellor of the university and former Professor at IIT Delhi, is an acclaimed academician, scientist, and a great academic leader with vast experience of more than 50 years in the field of higher education. He was the founder, Vice Chancellor of Delhi Technological University and Rajiv Gandhi Technical University Bhopal. Prof (Dr.)Vikas Madhukar, Pro Vice Chancellor's journey within Amity, has been nothing short of remarkable. Being a founding member, he has immensely contributed academically and administratively to the overall development of the university since its inception. The 'Core values' focus on national pride and global outlook and ensure integrity, transparency, and trustworthiness while ensuring continuous learning and knowledge creation while retaining professional morality, scientific ethics, and academic freedom. The students remain quality-conscious and contribute to environmental sustainability. Thus, it can be stated that students embark on a moral and intellectual journey through exposure to new ideas. learning. The attainment of the course outcomes is visible in the students 'progression to higher studies, 90 per cent placement of students 'and budding entrepreneurs who are job creators nurtured by the AUH Incubator. best institutions globally by adopting the best practices of prestigious institutions. and HoDs are driving the university on the path of excellence and ensuring good governance practices and contributing to the vision & mission of the university. During a short span of 13 years, the university has emerged as a cradle for innovation and has received high acclaim for its march on the path of academic and research excellence. The university leadership embodies a global mindset that cares for talent and innovation, and the university has emerged as one of the top private universities in India, and it is making its presence felt in other parts of the world. The university has got a prestigious NAAC 'Grade' A and is featured among the top 95 universities of India as per NIRF India Ranking 2023. Impeccable Leadership to Ensure Superiority The university functions under the visionary leadership and overall direction of its Hon'ble Chancellor, Dr. Aseem Chauhan, who is a driving force behind each initiative at the university. Prof (Dr.) P B Sharma, Vice Chancellor, and Prof (Dr.) Vikas Madhukar, Pro Vice Chancellor of the university, along with the competent team of senior officers such as Registrar, Controller of Examination, Chief Finance and Accounts Officers, Deans, Directors, Catalysing Growth with Technology The university has integrated technology with all its academic and administrative processes. It has in- house designed ERP software, Amizone facilitates smooth academic operation and works as an interface between students and the university. Conduct of classes, including timetable, lesson plans, study material, attendance, evaluation & assessment, is done through Amizone and LMS, which ensures effective communication and transparency in all academic operations and facilitates smooth functioning. Academic and activity calendar is prepared and available for the information of students on the ERP portal. The Internal Quality Cell (IQC)of the university ensures that constant upgradation is implemented in the curricula to align it with international standards and benchmark it with the Prof (Dr.) P B Sharma Vice Chancellor Fostering 21 -Century Skills Achieving academic excellence through innovation, industry integration, and internationalization with great emphasis on imparting 21 - century skills, i.e., Learning, Literacy and Life Skills (3Ls), to the students is the priority of the university, which forms the tripod that is reflected in the strategic academic processes including the curriculum coupled with high- quality teaching-learning. 'Student Centric Learning' is the main motto of the university in its academic endeavours for achieving 'Outcome Based Education' (OBE). The Program Outcomes, Program Specific Outcomes, and Course Outcomes are defined as per the Six levels of Blooms Taxonomy, and comprehensive formative and summative evaluations are conducted to map the course and programme outcomes attainment level of the students to establish the OBE. st AUH has a clearly defined Vision, Mission, and Core values which are prominently displayed on the website and circulated to all stakeholders. Amity University Haryana's 'Vision' is to transform its students into citizen leaders and to be a world-class centre of creativity and innovation and to contribute to the progress of humanity through excellence in education, industry, and society-relevant research and extension services. st Mission To foster academic innovations into its curricula by strengthening the industry-academia partnership in an interdisciplinary environment with a great focus on nurturing talent and creativity in a student-centric learning environment. AUH 'Mission' is to foster academic innovations in its curricula by strengthening the industry academia partnership in an interdisciplinary environment with a great focus on nurturing talent and creativity in a student-centric learning environment. Each academic session is initiated with detailed academic planning as per the academic calendar, including all activities and events planned for the session to focus on providing experiential learning to its students "in the classrooms and beyond classrooms." The students are exposed to internships/industry-led courses/ group projects having relevance to societal problems for real-lifelong Inculcating Social Responsibilities The students are provided an academic environment where international collaborations and cooperation are promoted for honing cognitive skills and inculcating social responsibilities with moral values and samskaras, reflecting a blend of modernity with tradition. Prof (Dr.) Vikas Madhukar Pro Vice Chancellor September 2023 21 20

Embracing the Digital Revolution ofOnline Education Indian Indian The Influence Influence in Universities T he landscape of education in India is undergoing a profound transformation, driven by the widespread adoption of online learning. In recent years, the country has witnessed a surge in the popularity of online education, redefining the way students access knowledge, educators impart information, and universities deliver their academic programs. This digital revolution is reshaping Indian higher education in myriad ways, offering both opportunities and challenges that warrant closer examination. online learning in Indian universities is the democratization of education. It has transcended geographical barriers, allowing students from remote areas to access courses and programs offered by prestigious institutions. The proliferation of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and e-learning platforms has expanded the reach of education, making it more inclusive and accessible. Diverse Learning Modalities Online education has introduced diverse learning modalities, accommodating a wide range of learners. Whether through pre-recorded lectures, live webinars, or interactive discussion forums, students Access to Quality Education One of the most significant impacts of September 2023 www.theknowledgereview.in 23 22

can choose the format that suits their learning style. This flexibility is particularly advantageous in a diverse country like India, where students have varied learning needs and preferences. giving way to interactive and multimedia-rich content. Educators are exploring diverse teaching methods, including gamified learning, virtual labs, and simulations. These innovations engage students actively, making learning more dynamic and enjoyable. challenges and opportunities lie ahead. Ensuring internet connectivity and access to technology in remote and underserved areas remains a priority. Moreover, universities must invest in faculty development and training to harness the full potential of online teaching and learning. Lifelong Learning Opportunities The digital revolution has ushered in an era of lifelong learning. Indian universities are increasingly offering short-term courses, micro-credentials, and upskilling programs, allowing individuals to acquire new skills and knowledge throughout their careers. This adaptability is vital in a rapidly changing job market, where continuous learning is the key to staying competitive. Assessment and Evaluation Online education has also reshaped the assessment and evaluation processes in Indian universities. Traditional exams are being supplemented or replaced by continuous assessments, quizzes, and project-based evaluations. The emphasis has shifted from rote memorization to critical thinking, problem-solving, and practical application of knowledge. The assessment of academic integrity in an online environment and the prevention of plagiarism and cheating are ongoing concerns. Maintaining the quality and credibility of online degrees is crucial to upholding the reputation of Indian higher education on a global scale. Conclusion The impact of online learning in Indian universities is profound and far-reaching. It is not merely a response to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic but a transformative force that is reshaping education in India. The digital revolution is making education more accessible, flexible, and relevant, catering to the diverse needs of Indian students. By addressing challenges and leveraging the opportunities presented by online education, India is poised to create a future-ready workforce and establish itself as a global hub for innovative and inclusive learning. Global Collaboration Online education has facilitated global collaboration and networking. Indian students can now interact with peers and faculty from around the world, gaining exposure to diverse perspectives and experiences. Similarly, Indian universities can forge international partnerships and offer joint programs, enhancing the quality and global relevance of their education. Customized Learning Paths Online platforms enable universities to offer personalized and adaptive learning experiences. Through data analytics and artificial intelligence, Indian universities can track students' progress and customize learning paths based on their strengths and weaknesses. This tailored approach ensures that each student receives the support and resources they need to succeed. Challenges and Considerations While the digital revolution in Indian education holds immense promise, it also presents several challenges. Access to technology and the internet remains uneven, with disparities in rural and urban areas. The digital divide can hinder students' ability to participate fully in online courses. Additionally, ensuring the quality and credibility of online programs is crucial to maintain the integrity of Indian higher education. Employability and Skills Development The digital revolution in Indian education is closely aligned with the nation's focus on employability and skill development. Online courses often incorporate industry-relevant content and certifications, enhancing students' job readiness. This alignment with the needs of the job market empowers graduates to enter the workforce with practical skills. As technology continues to evolve, universities must adapt and harness the potential of online education to provide accessible, flexible, and high- quality learning experiences. Embracing the digital revolution in education is not just an option but a necessity to empower the future generations of India and propel the nation towards educational excellence and innovation. Pedagogical Innovations One of the most noticeable aspects of the digital revolution in Indian universities is the pedagogical innovations it has spurred. Traditional lecture-based teaching is gradually Future Challenges and Opportunities As Indian universities continue to embrace the digital revolution, several September 2023 24

Advancements in Machine Learning Exploring Novel Theories and Emerging Systems generalization in order to facilitate the deployment of solutions in real-world scenarios. Furthermore, with the increasing prevalence of ML, it is crucial to address the ethical implications that arise, including bias, fairness, and accountability. The research is centered around the development of frameworks that aim to ensure responsible AI practices. These frameworks prioritize transparency, fairness, and accountability at every stage of the ML pipeline. M has experienced notable progress in recent times, leading to revolutionary advancements in various sectors. ML encompasses a wide range of contemporary theories and emerging systems that possess the power to fundamentally alter the way that data analysis, predictive modeling, and decision-making processes are carried out. Numerous advances in theory have been made in relation to the diverse field of ML. To begin with, a notable advancement has been the emergence of deep neural networks (NNs), which employ a multi-layered architecture of connected nodes to successfully extract intricate patterns from extremely complicated databases. The advancements achieved in computer vision, natural language processing (NLP), and speech recognition have significantly propelled the field of deep learning towards success. achine learning (ML), a subfield within the realm of artificial intelligence (AI), simulations. Next, we have Transfer learning, that enables models to utilize acquired knowledge from one task to effectively perform on another related task. Transfer learning is a technique that involves pre-training models on extensive datasets and subsequently fine-tuning them for specific tasks. This approach facilitates quicker and more precise learning, particularly in situations where there is a scarcity of labeled data. make use of the distinctive characteristics of quantum systems in order to expedite tasks such as optimization, simulation, and pattern recognition. As machine learning models become more complicated, the idea of Explainable AI (XAI) emerges, highlighting how crucial it is to understand how they make decisions. The field of XAI concentrates on creating clear and comprehensible models. The main goal of XAI is to give consumers the tools they need to comprehend and trust the decisions that AI systems make. Research is now being done on several strategies, including attention mechanisms, rule- based explanations, and model- agnostic approaches. In conclusion, the field of ML is currently experiencing a swift evolution, propelled by the development of new theories and the emergence of innovative systems. Deep learning, GANs, transfer learning, federated learning, quantum learning, and XAI represent some of the notable advancements in the field. Researchers are actively exploring the frontiers of ML, envisioning a future that is filled with vast potential. This future holds the promise of improved performance, ethical considerations, and transformative applications across various industries. In addition to the advancement of theories, the emerging ML Systems have seen significant advancements. The decentralized approach of federated learning enables the collaborative training of a shared model by multiple devices or entities, while ensuring that the data remains local to each device or entity. Federated learning is a technique that ensures the preservation of data privacy while enabling the training of models on distributed data sources. This makes it particularly well-suited for various applications in healthcare, finance, and the Internet of Things (IoT). In considering future directions, it is important to explore potential areas of growth and development. By identifying emerging trends and technologies, Reinforcement Learning in real-world applications is a topic of interest in the field of AI and ML. This area focuses on the utilization of reinforcement learning algorithms in practical scenarios and industries. The field of reinforcement learning shows great potential in the development of autonomous systems, robotics, and game-playing agents. The advancements in this field are focused on tackling challenges associated with sample efficiency, safety, and the Author Additionally, we have Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), which consist of a generative model and a discriminative model, which engage in a competitive relationship. The utilization of this framework has yielded remarkable outcomes in the production of lifelike images, text, and audio, thereby finding applications in creative design, data augmentation, and About Further, the utilization of quantum computing has led to the advancement of quantum machine learning algorithms, as it possesses the capability to effectively process intricate computations. The algorithms Dr. Sushil Kumar is an Associate Professor at Department of Computer Science & Engineering, KIET Group of Institutions, (Delhi-NCR) Ghaziabad. September 2023 www.theknowledgereview.in 27 26

to measure all the parameters for a safe landing. It was reported that the lander disfavoured the area right below, which led it to drift safely to an adjacent area. Upon touching the surface of the moon, the sensors attached to the four legs of the lander module initiated the shutdown process of the main engine. When this write-up is typed, Chandrayaan-3 is gloriously standing on the moon's south pole. This establishes the first human contact with the south pole of the moon. that the earth is a rotating object, not the sky. In the present scenario, I expect that the branches like Astrophysics, Astronomy, Cosmology, Aeronautical Engineering, Space Science etc., may gain more attention from the students in order to pursue specialised higher studies. It's worth mentioning here that the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), India project has also been planned and the MoU is signed by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and the US National Science Foundation (NSF). The purpose of this observatory is different than ISRO and will explore a different angle of Gravitational Physics, which is primarily based on Einstein's theory of General Relativity. From the successful construction and running of LIGO-India, multifaceted benefits may emerge in the field of Astrophysical research in India. Subsequently, Varahamihir introduced the profound concept that, due to an attractive force, all celestial objects are bound in their locations. This shows that they were quite ahead of their time. Since then, to the present, when India probed the most desirable region of the moon, it can be inferred that, with respect to us, we have acquired more knowledge, we have become more enriched, we have become more skilled, we have grown more than our ancestors, we have advanced their legacy, we have constructed our own path, and we have created history. I recognise this as our achievement. An Academic, Economic, and Social Perspective For landing purposes, any polar region of a celestial body is more challenging than the equator region. Due to this reason, the south pole of the moon was unexplored for a significant period. As per the reporting in time, it was predicted by scientists that the soil of the moon is somewhat like crystals of water ice, while the "shadowed craters" could be frozen lakes. Time reporting also mentioned that, in 2008, Chandrayaan-1 proved all these speculations correct. Educational Impact It's beyond doubt that one of the key factors behind the success of mission Chandrayaan-3 is a rich amalgamation of expertise and skills from diverse educational backgrounds. Citing examples, Kalpana K, Associate Project Director, Chandrayaan-3, graduated with a degree in Aeronautical Engineering while Ritu Karidhal Srivastava, a Senior Scientist, Chandrayaan-3, graduated in Physics. Similarly, ISRO's Chairperson S Somnath has earned his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering while M Sankaran, the head of the U R Rao Satellite Centre, has accomplished a master's degree in physics and joined ISRO Satellite Centre (URSC). These diversified profiles of leaders convey an important message that appropriate collaboration may lead us to design and fulfil such a magnificent endeavour. In regard to all these investments in observational science, I want to add a note of caution that we must not neglect the theoretical research/studies as, largely, the purpose of these observations is to validate/invalidate the existing theoretical models. It's well known that in 2015, the discovery of the Gravitational Waves in LIGO validated one of the outcomes of Einstein's General Relativity. Can you imagine that it almost took 100 years for observational science to catch up with the pace of Einstein's mind? It suggests, that if not invalidated by the observations, scientific theories are quite alive. Thus, we need a proper balance of economic and structural investments in both observational and theoretical research. Economic Impacts This section cannot be covered only with respect to the success of Chandrayaan 3. Rather, being motivated by the consistent success of ISRO's missions, space-oriented activities such as research or Now that Chandrayaan 3 has Landed on the what Next & what Impacts? We all understand the meaning of the presence of water molecules on the moon. It doesn't only imply the possibility of getting drinking water but also the extraction of breathable oxygen. The hydrogen in water ice can be a potential candidate for making rocket fuel. "Ancient water ice" can also help us to understand the geology of the moon. Due to these promising features, the south pole of the moon has become the bull's eye for many countries. India created history when it became the first country in the world to successfully land on the moon's south pole. Moon I t was 5.45 p.m., August 23, 2023, when the "rough braking" phase started and Chandrayaan-3 was seen in its orbit, 30 km above the moon, while its horizontal distance from the launch site was 750 km. Afterwards, a 10-second "attitude hold phase" began. During this time, the lander was settling down by using its four legs and four thrusters to observe the lunar surface for a safe touchdown. The third phase was called "fine braking," where the spacecraft descended up to 850 meters above the surface of the moon and started hovering. Hovering aimed to look for a suitable "parking spot." In the last phase, "terminal descent," Chandrayaan-3 came down approximately 150 meters above the lunar surface. At this point, it again started hovering for around 30 seconds Dr. Ashmita Das Assistant Professor -Department of Physics, SRM University-AP I believe looking up to the night sky may induce enough motivation to be curious about space. However, in the context of our country, consistent success stories of ISRO can create an additional thrust for our students to be more than just curious. As an Indian, this touchdown triggered in me a recollection, such as that astronomical studies in India started around 600 C.E. with Aryabhata and Varahamihir. Aryabhata proposed that sunlight gets reflected by the moon and September 2023 www.theknowledgereview.in 29 28

Social Impacts ISRO's success in the Chandrayaan-3 mission has created an enormous impact on some parts of our society. In our country, we have witnessed that people are gradually developing some curiosity about space missions and closely following their progress. As a matter of fact, on August 23, in one instant of time, approximately 7 million people were watching the live streaming of the landing of Chandrayaan-3 on ISRO's YouTube page. commercial pursuits have been turned into one of the controlling players in our economy. ISRO was a principal organization that had permission to probe space by launching satellites, payloads, spacecraft, etc. explore the new age space technologies and "building processes from start to finish." Further, it was also mentioned that approximately 100 startups have been registered with ISRO. An article published in India Today (digital), dated July 8, 2023, shows that these space-based startups are trying to address some real life issues such as, "satellite-based phone signals, broadband, OTT, and 5G to the operations of solar farms, etc." The same source captures comments by P Chandana, founder of Skyroot, which reflects that the success of Chandrayaan-3 and the involvement of the private sector will produce more businesses, employment and more startups. Since 2020, when the Government of India announced that private companies would be given the authorization to explore the space sector, people have observed a spectacular change in space-based industries. This authorization earned loads of attention from private companies which were almost ready to deliver for space-based missions. Although some of the startups were initiated before the year 2020, the formal approval from the government provided a thrust to these startups in order to pursue their respective ventures. This engagement was mutual as we have seen that throughout the travelling period of Chandrayaan-3, the social media handle of ISRO was consistently updating regarding the whereabouts of the lander module. In recent times, Mission Chandrayaan-1 to 3 and Mission Mangalyaan, have triggered inquisitiveness among the common people of our country. They have started taking an interest in knowing what will happen next. What are the upcoming ventures of ISRO? What are the outcomes of these projects? etc. Undoubtedly, this is a positive change for our society. At this stage, I want to represent the team of whistle blowers and leave the readers with some spontaneous questions: It was published in The Guardian, on January 5, 2023, that light pollution is heavily interrupting astronomical observations as more than 3,000 of the 5,000 active satellites are orbiting the earth. These satellites belong to Elon Musk's company SpaceX. Some of the well-known names along this line are Sky root Aerospace, SatSure, Pixxel, Newspace Research & Technologies, Dhruva Space, Digantara, Bellatrix Aerospace etc. For example, a startup like Pixxel was founded by two Bits Pilani alumni, Awais Ahmed and Kshitij Khandelwal in 2019. Pixxel focuses on constructing a constellation of hyperspectral earth imaging satellites and also developing analytical aids to interpret the collected data from the satellites. Google declared $36 million of investment in Pixxel, which can be considered a huge investment after the space privatisation policy. Then, what about the part of our country where people have no access to information such as television, smartphones, mobile networks, or perhaps even electricity? What about the people who are indifferent to these achievements as they are occupied with tolerating their hunger or preparing to sleep under the open sky? These questions are easy, and answers are also known. So, I leave it up to the readers to think and comprehend. I hope in future we will celebrate such achievements all together, but not in parts. Similarly, due to the massive involvement of private companies in India, the number of satellites will increase by leaps and bounds. In the rat race of "world satellite dominance," what will happen to space pollution? What about the space debris limit, which are the human-created items in space? Do we know the economic impact of these missions on a local level? Do we have balanced economic planning so that a part of this economic growth will be diffused through all the people of our country? I hope, in parallel to exploration, we will also look for possible solutions to such queries. Another example is the Skyroot aerospace startup, which turned out to be the first private company in India to launch a rocket, named Vikram-S, into space in 2022 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. In the same year, it was disclosed that ISRO has signed MoUs with private companies to work in collaboration, aiming to September 2023 30

Higher Education Privatization Higher The India in of ' Pros, Cons, and Future Prospects September 2023 www.theknowledgereview.in 33 32

I Ÿ Autonomy: Private universities often have more autonomy in curriculum design, faculty recruitment, and administrative decisions. This flexibility can lead to the quick adaptation of modern teaching methods and emerging fields of study. ndia, home to one of the world's largest education systems, has witnessed a significant shift in recent years - the privatization of higher education. This transformation has sparked debates and discussions, highlighting both the potential benefits and the inherent challenges of privatizing academia. challenge. The government must continue to play a regulatory role to ensure that private universities adhere to academic standards and provide equitable access to education. Blended Learning: With the advent of digital technology, a blend of online and offline education is expected to become more prevalent, offering flexibility and scalability to private institutions. Industry Partnerships: Private universities are likely to form more partnerships with industries, enhancing employability by aligning education with industry needs. Focus on Research: Private universities will increasingly invest in research and development, contributing to innovation and addressing societal challenges. Quality Assurance: The government is likely to introduce stricter regulations to ensure quality in private education, addressing issues related to commercialization and inequality. Globalization: Private institutions may foster international collaborations, attracting students and faculty from around the world, further diversifying the education ecosystem. While it has expanded access and improved infrastructure, it also poses challenges related to affordability and quality. Striking the right balance between public and private involvement in higher education is essential to harness the full potential of India's academic landscape and ensure that education remains a catalyst for progress and social mobility. Ÿ Ÿ Additionally, scholarships and financial aid programs should be expanded to make quality education affordable for all segments of society. Collaborations between public and private institutions can also promote knowledge exchange and research initiatives, enriching the overall educational landscape. Ÿ Ÿ Cons Ÿ The Privatization Drive The privatization of higher education in India gained momentum in the 1990s as the government started encouraging private investment in the sector. This shift aimed to meet the growing demand for higher education and bridge the gap between the number of aspiring students and the limited capacity of public universities. Costly Tuition: Private education, while more accessible in some cases, tends to be costlier than public institutions. This can lead to student debt and financial strain for families. Limited Scholarships: Scholarships and financial aid options in private institutions may be limited compared to public universities, making it challenging for economically disadvantaged students to afford quality education. Commercialization: Some critics argue that privatization can lead to the commercialization of education, where profit becomes the primary motive, potentially compromising academic values. Inequality: The quality of private education can vary significantly, leading to a gap in educational standards. High-quality private universities can provide an excellent education, while some lower-tier institutions may lack essential resources. Regulatory Challenges: Effective regulation of private institutions can be challenging, leading to issues such as irregularities in admissions, fee structures, and quality standards. In conclusion, the privatization of higher education in India is a complex issue with multifaceted implications. Ÿ Pros, Cons, and Future Prospects of Privatization in Higher Education in India Pros Ÿ Increased Accessibility: One of the primary advantages of privatization in higher education is the increase in accessibility. Private institutions often have a more extensive network and can reach students in remote areas, thereby expanding educational opportunities. Ÿ Diverse Course Offerings: Private universities often offer a broader range of courses and specializations, catering to diverse student interests. This diversity allows students to choose programs that align better with their career goals. Ÿ Infrastructure and Facilities: Privately-funded institutions tend to invest heavily in infrastructure, libraries, laboratories, and other facilities. This results in a better learning environment for students, enhancing their educational experience. Ÿ Innovation and Quality: Competition among private universities drives innovation and a focus on quality. To attract students, these institutions continually strive to improve teaching methods, faculty quality, and research opportunities. Ÿ Benefits of Privatization One of the primary arguments in favor of privatization is increased access to higher education. Private universities and colleges often offer a wider range of courses and flexible admission criteria, allowing a more diverse group of students to pursue their desired fields of study. This expansion of choices benefits students who may not have secured a place in a government- funded institution. Ÿ Ÿ Additionally, private investment can lead to improved infrastructure, faculty salaries, and research opportunities. Many private universities offer state- of-the-art facilities and attract well- qualified professors, contributing to the overall quality of education in the country. Ÿ Finding a Balance The privatization of higher education in India is not without merit, but finding a balance between private and public institutions remains a significant Future Prospects The future of privatization in Indian higher education is poised for growth and transformation. Several trends and prospects are likely to shape this landscape: September 2023 www.theknowledgereview.in 35 34

The Best Universities in India to Study, 2023 the nation forward by improving the quality of life of its citizens by continuously working in the sphere of education, health, and the environment. It has been established to promote education and research in various disciplines through academic institutions for the benefit of all sections of society, but not with the motive of profit. Some of the dignitaries who have visited Shri Vaishnav Institutions from time to time are Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1960), Shri Giani Zail Singh (1984), Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma (1987), Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2002), Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu (2019), Smt. Sumitra Mahajan (2019) and Shri Om Birla (2020). Shaping Better Futures Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya is a State Private University set up under Madhya Pradesh Niji Vishwavidyalaya (Sthapana Avam Sanchalan) Adhiniyam in 2015 at Indore. The university was established with the vision to be a leader in shaping a better future for humanity through quality education, training, and research. It pursues the mission to make a difference in sustaining the growth of global societies by developing socially responsible citizens. Its vision is to create an educational environment that engages deep intellectual, moral, and spiritual stimulation, thereby nurturing leadership. I offerings, renowned institutions, technological advancements, and a focus on research and innovation, India continues to attract learners and scholars from all corners of the globe. As the nation addresses its challenges and embraces future opportunities, it is poised to solidify its position as a flourishing hub of education excellence. Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya is on a mission to be a pioneer in a 'mentoring' based education system with an intellectual, moral, and spiritual culture of its own, rooted in Indian ethos and in tune with the global vision of the times. It strives to inculcate learning through understanding, knowledge enhancement, skill development, and positive attitude formation. It also encourages innovative thinking with self-discipline and social responsibility. ndia's journey to becoming an education hub is evidence of its enduring commitment to knowledge and learning. With a diverse range of educational Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya Pioneer in a Mentoring-based Educa?on System The university is committed to providing quality education following all the norms provided by all regulatory bodies for different academic programs. Course objectives are statements describing what someone will be able to do after they engage in a learning experience. Well-written learning outcomes communicate important messages about what students will be able to know, think, and do at the end of a course or program. Each and every course being taught by the faculty of the university has been designed in a way that provides clarity and focus about what students are expected to learn and how they will be required to demonstrate it. Some of its oldest educational institutions are catalysing this growth and are paving a path for the overall development of the country by fostering competent professionals. Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya (SVVV) has a long heritage of over a century. 1884 is a landmark year for SVVV as the foundation stone was laid 139 years ago for the Shri Vaishnav Group of Institutions by compassionate philanthropists of Indore, MP (India). Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Trust believes in taking September 2023 www.theknowledgereview.in 37 36

WE HAVE DESIGNED A RIGOROUS PLACEMENT AND TRAINING PROGRAM FOR STUDENTS STARTING FROM THE FIRST SEMESTER, WHICH CONTINUES UP TO THE LAST SEMESTER. “ organized by other leading institutions. The students are actively involved in organizing various conferences, conclaves, workshops, guest lectures, study tours, and other such activities. By involving them in such activities, they not only get exposed to the contemporary understanding of various concepts but also develop their organizing skills. industry visits, and guest lectures by corporate professionals to understand the requirements of the corporate world. • Careers 360, University Special (India's 100 Outstanding Universities-2017) - With Promise and Potential, these Institutions March on Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya, Indore was rated most Promising & Potential Institute (2017). Higher Education Review - Shri Vaishnav Institute of Journalism and Mass Communication was recognized under the Top 20 Promising Media & Mass Communication Colleges in India (2018). PRIME TIMEGlobal Education Excellence Awards – Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, was recognized as the Most Innovative Private University in MP (2018). Careers 360 released the Rating of Engineering Colleges and Institutes - Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology and Science, SVVV was rated as 'AAA' at National Level (April 2018). The Knowledge Review - Shri Vaishanav Institute of Architecture, SVVV, was recognized as one of the 10 Most Innovative Institutes of Architecture (2018). Dainik Bhaskar – Shri Vaishanav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya was conferred Eminence Award in Private University Category (June 2018). The university conducts mock interviews of the students to nurture their technical skills so that the students can handle technical interviews effectively. Thus, the university leaves no stone unturned in grooming the students. “ • Fostering Vibrant Campus Life The university offers a wide scope of extracurricular activities for the students, which include various adventurous activities which not only make the campus life vibrant but also act as a window to reach out to students across the country. The university provides a variety of platforms covering Spandan (A Technoy-Management Cultural Fest), Spardha (Sports), Literary activities, Raas Rang, etc. The university has developed strong industry linkages resulting in long-term relations with the industry. The university works with a long-term vision to bridge the students' aspirations and their careers. As a result of the sincere efforts of the university and students, a good percentage of the students get placed through on and off- campus drives every year. • Leading SVVV to a New Educational Horizon Dr. Upinder Dhar is the First Vice Chancellor of Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya (Indore). Earlier, he was Group Additional Vice Chancellor and Pro-vice Chancellor (Academics) at Amity University (Noida). He is a man of vision and wisdom. • Setting the Highest Benchmarks Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya has 17 constituent institutes with 310 full-time faculty members and around 8000 students enrolled in 114 undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs. The university offers education, training, and research in engineering, forensic science, architecture, management, journalism and mass communication, science, social sciences, humanities and arts, computer applications, fine arts, commerce, law, agriculture, home science, and paramedical sciences. Global exposure is the need of the hour, and tie-ups with foreign universities such as St Cloud State University, Minnesota (United States) and Hangyang University, Seoul (South Korea) give global exposure to the students. • A Fellow of ISTD and a strong proponent of the Case Method, Dr. Dhar was conferred Ravi J Matthai National Fellow Award by the Association of Indian Management Schools in 2018 and AIMA-Kewal Nohria Award for Academic Leadership in Management Education – 2022 by the All India Management Association in 2022. • Interaction with students from different nations aids in enlarging students' horizons and thinking in terms of a global perspective. Also, it facilitates in developing cross- cultural relationships and friendships in the field of international business, which may be beneficial to students in the long run. He joined at a very childhood stage of the university after its establishment in June 2015. He started to develop the institute from scratch. Each and every statutory and policy document of the university has been developed under his guidance. He focuses on the all-around development of the students; therefore, the focus of the university is not limited to classroom teaching only; rather, it focuses on 360° development. The university believes that educational institutions should involve industry in designing the curricula and detailed syllabi for various programs. Partnership with industry and other prospective recruiters is necessary to understand the current and future needs so that young minds can be shaped accordingly. It gives a different kind of feeling to the students while choosing such programs for developing their careers. Impeccable Career Assistance Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Trust has sponsored the university to promote, manage and offer professional and vocational education and to organize personality and other training and development programs. The university is imparting higher education in varied disciplines intending to make the students confident, vibrant, dynamic, and competitive worldwide. In line with this vision, the university used to organize many curricular, co-curricular and extracurricular national activities/competitions for the students. Due to his creative vision, the institute, which started with 1181 students, has more than 8000 students today. Some of the milestones achieved by the university are: • Careers 360 Rating of Engineering Colleges and Institutes - Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology and Science, SVVV was rated as 'AAA' at National Level (April 2017, Volume IX, Issue 04). • BAJA SAE INDIA - Team Vaishnav Kriegers of SVITS, SVVV, won the Pride of Indore Award and Prize of Rs. 1 Lakh (2017). • Entrepreneur – The Best Business Schools Survey - SVVV was Ranked 29th under Nurturing Next-Gen Leaders (April-May 2017). • CSR-GHDCEngineering Colleges Survey - Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology and Science appeared in the Ranking of Promising Engineering Colleges (2017). It is holding and conducting meetings, participating in conferences, lectures, seminars, and symposia, and entering into relations with other societies, institutions, academies, colleges, and universities to help and guide the students to pursue professional and higher education for the purpose of advancing knowledge in various disciplines of education. The students are encouraged to plan and organize various co-curricular activities on their own with basic support from the university. Such an atmosphere inculcates in them the spirit of leadership and an understanding of several aspects of technology and management. They are undertaking such activities not merely for the learning value but also for the pleasure that comes with the experience of a job well done. The university has designed a rigorous placement and training program for students starting from the first semester, which continues up to the last semester. The university continuously trains students in the areas of soft skills to increase their employability skills. The university arranges online aptitude and technical tests for the students, The students recognize their talent and skills in the process and are inspired to develop themselves further. The students are also nominated to participate in co-curricular activities September 2023 39 38

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The Best Universities in India to Study, 2023

The Best Universities in India to Study, 2023

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