Terrorism is not new

1. Terrorism is not new • Zealots • Assassins • Thugs

2. First Modern Wave • Alexander II Pres. Garfield Pres. McKinley 1881 1881 1901

3. Second Wave: Ethnonationalism • Irgun bombing of King David Hotel, 1946

4. Second Wave • FLN members 1957, Algeria

5. Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof Group) JRA members still wanted, 1990s Third Wave: Leftist Groups

6. Third Wave: Ethno-nationalists • Yasr Arafat Black September PLO Chairman Munich, 1972

7. Views of Israel/Palestine

8. Post-1967

9. Detail of Post-1967

10. Iranian Revolution (1978-1979) provides inspiration foreign fighters formation go home, of Afghan mujahadin form new groups or join existing Pakistan militarygroups, create a allies with radicalglobal terror Islamic groups (1977-79) network provides sanctuary Ideological legacyUSSR invades US, China, Pakistan Soviets of radical Islamic Afghanistan Egypt, Saudi Arabia, withdraw thought 1979 and others funding, 1989 provides ideology supplying, and training and inspirationmujahadin and jihadis OBL and others recruit Saudi funded religious schools volunteers al-Qaeda (global) (madrassas) in Middle East from madrassas Abu Sayyaf (Phil.) and Asia (1970s-1980s) in M. E. and Asia GIA (Algeria) provides recruits with ideology (foreign fighters HAMAS or jihadis) Islamic Jihad IMU JemaahIslamiah PIJ Bosnia, Chechnya, Kashmir… Time Fourth Wave: Sunni Radicalism

11. Roots of Radical Sunni Ideology Anti-colonial nationalism Israel-Palestine issue Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah (Damascas) 1263-1328 Deobandi Islam returning to original 1867 British-held India sources of Islam anti-colonial Islam Abu al-Ala Maududi Abdullah Azzam 1903-1979 Palestinian 1941-1989 Pakistan Intellectual mentor of OBL Purification of Islam is a key to independence from British • Salafism • Late 1800s Rashid Rida, Egypt Muslim Brotherhood Sayyid Qutb • return to 1866-1935 Egypt 1928 1906-1966 • original sources only Salafi beliefs Hassan al-Banna Egypt Al-Qaeda • can free Muslims rejects British colonialism member of MB Osama bin-Laden from colonialism rejects “westernization” of Islam purify Islam Ayman al-Zawahri • rejects church/state separation violence if necessary • anti-Israel Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab anti-US (Arabian Peninsula) “founder” of “Sunni 1703-1792 radicalism” return to original sources Milestones rejects Islamic pluralism condoned violence against apostates Abd-Al-Salam Al-Faraj anti-Ottoman, seen as foreign occupiers, apostates 1932 Saudi Arabia becomes independent Egypt, 1952-1982 • unifies Arabian regions and families disciple of Qutb under the al-Saud family The Neglected Duty • Wahhabi Islam becomes the official creed • Late 1700s • Al-Saud family alliance with Wahhabi movement • Saudi-sponsored madrassas globally, by late 20th century- Israel-Palestine issue

12. Radical Islamic Ideology I Nationalists and Transnationalists share: • Salafists (pure Islam) • No pluralism in Islam (some Nationalists may allow it) • Anti-American • Anti-western • Anti-colonial (resistance or defense)

13. Transnationalists Anti-nation-state Rebuild the Caliphate Anti-Democracy Example: AQAM Nationalists Goal of building or taking power in a nation-state Democratic participation if advantageous Example: Hamas and Hezbollah Radical Islamic Ideology IITransnationalists vs. Nationalists

14. Iranian Revolution

15. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

16. HAMAS v. PLO • PLO Charter, 1968 • HAMAS Covenant (Islamic Resistance Movement), 1988