Sentence Completion

1. Sentence Completion on the SAT

2. What are sentence completions? • Sentence completion questions require students to supply missing words, either one or two per sentence, chosen from a list of possible answers.

3. Skills Needed • Ability to understand the literal meanings of words and use them in contexts that make logical sense • Using words in appropriate settings that show an awareness of the words’ tone or implications as well as their meaning

4. Organization • The questions are organized from easy to hard. • 19 questions test vocabulary and ability to understand fairly complex sentences.

5. Approaches • Work on sentence completion questions first. • Mark your test booklet. • Remember that the difficulty of sentence completion questions increases as you move through a question set. • Use the process of elimination. • Consider related words, familiar sayings and phrases, roots, prefixes, and suffixes.

6. Approaches Continued • Read the entire sentence, saying “blank” for the blank(s). • Try to determine the standard dictionary definitions of the words in the sentence and the answers. • Once you have chosen your answer(s), check your choice by reading the entire sentence with your answers inserted to make sure the sentence makes sense.

7. Watch Out For • Introductory and transitional words • Negatives (Some of the most difficult sentence completion questions contain negatives, which can make it hard to follow the logic of the sentences.)

8. Connect Ideas that are Similar And Also Besides For example In other words Likewise Another In addition Moreover furthermore Introductory and Transitional Words

9. Connect Ideas That are Opposite or in Contrast But Nor Not instead However In contrast On the other hand Although Despite In spite of Yet Even while Except Nevertheless Notwithstanding Regardless Introductory and Transitional Words

10. Connect Ideas in Cause-and-Effect Relationships Because Consequently Therefore Thus Hence As a result In order to Introductory and Transitional Words

11. Mean that a Certain Condition Must be Considered If When Introductory and Transitional Words

12. Negatives According to Burgess, a novelist should not preach, for sermonizing has no place in good fiction. Negatives: not, no Transition: for = second part of the sentence will explain the first

13. Two-blank Questions • Try eliminating some answers based on just one blank.

14. The Forward Method • Step 1: Cover up answer choices. • Step 2: Read stem and determine stem type. • Step 3: Supply your own words or phrases to complete the sentence. • Step 4: Compare your choice to the answers and eliminate all that do not match. • Step 5: Plug selected answer back into sentence and select the best fit.

15. Try This One Ignoring criticisms that the film was excessively ------- and biased, the director resisted efforts to cut particular scenes in order to produce a less fierce, more ------- story.

16. Look for Introductory and Transitional Words • and • in order to

17. Supply Your Own Words • You will see there is another class of context clues in this item. The units [------- and biased] and [less fierce, more -------]. mirror each other. The first blank should match fierce; the second blank should match biased. Write your candidates here: • First blank: __________________________________ • Second blank: ________________________________

18. Compare your choice to the answers and eliminate all that do not match. • Here are the answer choices: (A) placid . . prejudicial (B) tranquil . .neutral (C) brutal . . unfair (D) violent . . even-handed (E) long . . compact

19. The Backward Method You can determine the stem type, but you can’t come up with words to fill the blanks. • Step 1: Use positive or negative signs to determine what type of word you’ll need. • Step 2: Go to the answer choices and assign positive or negative signs to each word. • Step 3: Eliminate the choices that don’t fit, then select from the rest. • Step 4: Plug your choice back into the stem as a check.

20. Some ethical philosophers argue that when the term “genocide” is used too liberally, the concept becomes -------, losing its power to mobilize international support for those ethnicities whose existence is truly endangered by mass murder. (A) conservative (B) militaristic (C) domestic (D) scarce (E) diluted

21. Explanation • Which of these is negative, in the sense of “lessening?” • A, conservative isn’t a particularly negative word in this context. It’s probably not the right answer, so eliminate it. • Militaristic is probably negative enough for our purposes. Keep B. • Domestic is certainly not negative. It doesn’t seem very positive, either—and words with neutral connotations can be used as a third category in the backward method. But we need a clearly negative word to complete this item, so eliminate C. • D and E work. At this point, you’ve eliminated two options, so you’re ahead of the game. You have a 1-in-3 shot at getting a point and a 2-in-3 shot of losing a quarter-point. Those are good odds over several items, so • Plug each choice into the sentence to see which “sounds” better, and choose that one.

22. The Backward Method You’ve determined the stem type and have supplied words to fill the blanks, but you don’t recognize any of the vocabulary in the answer choices. • Step 1: Apply “deciphering techniques” to the vocabulary in the answer choices. • Step 2: Plug each of the choices into the sentence, “listening” for which choices sound best. • Step 3: Plug your choice back into the stem as a check.

23. The newly recognized amoral ------- of the natural world, which was traditionally seen as reflecting an ultimately benevolent purpose, was Darwin’s most controversial intellectual legacy, generating strong reactions from those who wanted to preserve Nature’s supposed ratification of Christian eschatology. (A) stochasticity (B) malevolence (C) determinism (D) progressiveness (E) contingency

24. Explanation • Can you do anything with A? Unlikely, so don’t eliminate it. • Look at B, malevolence. The prefix mal- means “bad”; the root vol means “will,” as in the word, volition. So, malevolence should mean something like “ill will.” Is that what you need to balance out benevolent purpose? Perhaps; perhaps not. But at least now you know what you’re dealing with in choice B. • The blank is actually contrasted with purpose, which is modified by amoral. Similarly, you may not be familiar with determinism as a philosophical concept, but you might know what determined means in the sense of “ordained.” That’s actually the opposite of what you want, so cut C. • Progressiveness may be unfamiliar, but “progress” is certainly more familiar. Since -ness refers to a “state of being,” does a word that means “a state of being progressive” work? As in C, this doesn’t really match “purposelessness,” so eliminate D. • Contingency may stump you, but have you ever heard a form of this word in another context? It seems to mean that certain outcomes are not guaranteed but rather depend upon certain prior events. Does this match “purposelessness?” It just might—keep E. • Read both A and E into the stem and choose the one that best fits. You’re down to a 50/50 chance to either gain a point or lose a quarter-point, so you’re well ahead of the wrong-answer penalty.

25. The Backward Method You can’t determine the stem type or supply words to fill the blanks. • Step 1: Plug each of the choices into the sentence, “listening” for which choices sound better. • Step 2: Eliminate any that don’t fit; choose from the remaining. • Step 3: Plug your choice back into the stem as a check.

26. Globalization has not been the unmitigated ------- for global poverty that its more starry-eyed supporters promised; in fact, many would argue that globalization has not just failed to ------- want, it has even sharpened its bite.

27. Assign positive and negative signs Write a + or a – sign in the blank • Blank one __________ • Blank two __________

28. Assign Positive and Negative Signs to the Answers • (A) disaster . . increase • (B) mediation . . alleviate • (C) boon . . exacerbate • (D) calamity . . reduce • (E) panacea . . ameliorate

29. Test Directions Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

30. Directions • Look for key words in the sentences and circle them. • Read each question again and, using the key words you identify, write down at least one word that logically fits into each of the blanks.

31. If your garden plot is small, it will not pay to grow crops that require a large amount of __________ in order to develop.

32. Hint Key words: “If” and “small” “If” the garden is “small,” then the crops will not have a lot of room in which to grow. The answer must be a word that suggests area.

33. If your garden plot is small, it will not pay to grow crops that require a large amount of __________ in order to develop. • Sun • Rain • Fertilizer • Space • care

34. Explanation Only the word “space,” choice (D), does this.

35. At a recent press conference, the usually reserved biochemist was unexpectedly __________ in addressing the ethical questions posed by her work.

36. Hint We are told that the scientist is usually “reserved,” but that, at the press conference, she behaved “unexpectedly.” • The word that makes sense to fill in the blank must mean the opposite of (or at least be very different from) “reserved.” • Because reserved means restrained or uncommunicative, the correct answer must be a word like frank or open or outspoken.

37. At a recent press conference, the usually reserved biochemist was unexpectedly __________ in addressing the ethical questions posed by her work. • Correct • Forthright • Inarticulate • Retentive • Cautious

38. Explanation • Only (B), forthright, is a word with this kind of meaning. • Read the entire sentence with “forthright” filled in to see that it makes sense.

39. Despite her __________ nature, DeMott was capable of tactful negotiation and even won praise for her patient efforts toward __________ when a local squabble developed.

40. Hint • Sometimes it is helpful to look at the second blank first. • “Despite” means that the word describing “nature” will be opposite to or unlike “tactful negotiation,” because Demott’s nature would lead us to believe that she was not capable of such tact.

41. Despite her __________ nature, DeMott was capable of tactful negotiation and even won praise for her patient efforts toward __________ when a local squabble developed. • diplomatic . . amity • congenial . . concord • altruistic . . dissension • rebellious . . insurrection • tempestuous . . reconciliation

42. Explanation • “Patient efforts toward” dissension or insurrection makes no sense, so we can eliminate choices (C) and (D). • “Diplomatic” and “congenial” would lead us to expect tact, so we can eliminate choices (A) and (B).

43. Many famous scientific inventions have been __________, the by-products of research whose goals were quite unrelated.

44. Hint • Saying that the inventions were “by-products of research whose goals were quite unrelated” means that the inventions were lucky breaks or unexpected. • You must look at the second part of the sentence and see how it affects the meaning of the first part.

45. Many famous scientific inventions have been __________, the by-products of research whose goals were quite unrelated. • Fortuitous • Neglected • Inoperable • Lucrative • unfeasible

46. Explanation • If you looked at just the first part of the sentence, “Many famous scientific inventions have been ___________,” any of the answer choices would fit. Try each of the choices in the first part of the sentence. • Only the answer choice fortuitous means “lucky” or “unexpected.”

47. The excitement does not __________ but __________ his senses, giving him a keener perception of a thousand details.

48. Hint • “But” means that the answer will involve two words that are somehow opposed in meaning.

49. The excitement does not __________ but __________ his senses, giving him a keener perception of a thousand details. • slow . . diverts • blur . . sharpens • overrule . . constricts • heighten . . aggravates • forewarn . . quickens

50. Explanation • All of the choices except (B), “blur . . sharpens,” can be eliminated. Only the words in choice (B) are opposed in meaning. • Also, “sharpens his senses” fits with the phrase “giving him a keener perception of a thousand details.” • “Heighten” and “quickens” are words that are often found with the words “senses,” and therefore might tempt the careless test-taker.