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THE ROLE OF MONEY IN MACROECONOMICS

THE ROLE OF MONEY IN MACROECONOMICS. Chapter 36 - Lipsey. FINANCIAL ASSETS. THE RATE OF INTEREST AND PRESENT VALUE. Present Value – of a bond or any asset refers to the value now of the future payments to which the asset represents a claim Present Value = Future Value/(1+interest rate) n

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THE ROLE OF MONEY IN MACROECONOMICS

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  1. THE ROLE OF MONEY IN MACROECONOMICS Chapter 36 - Lipsey

  2. FINANCIAL ASSETS

  3. THE RATE OF INTEREST AND PRESENT VALUE • Present Value – of a bond or any asset refers to the value now of the future payments to which the asset represents a claim Present Value = Future Value/(1+interest rate)n • Present value of an asset is negatively related to the interest rate

  4. PRESENT VALUE AND MARKET PRICE • Present value is important because it establishes the market price for an asset • In a free market, the equilibrium price of any asset will be the present value of the income stream that it produces. THE RATE OF INTEREST AND MARKET PRICE • A rise in the market price of an asset is equivalent to a decrease in the rate of interest earned. • The sooner is the maturity date of a bond, the less responsive bond value is to interest rate changes.

  5. THE SUPPLY OF MONEY • Money supply is a stock and not flow • Monetary authorities (Central Bank) control the total money stock directly. • In other words money supply is exogenously fixed by policy-makers.

  6. DEMAND FOR MONEY • The opportunity cost of holding money is the extra interest that could have been earned if that money were used to purchase bonds. • Motives of holding money • Transactions Motive • Precautionary Motive • Speculative Motive

  7. REAL AND NOMINAL MONEY BALANCES Nominal money demand The demand for money in monetary units. Real money demand Number of units of purchasing power that the public wishes to hold in the form of money balances expressed in constant prices. Real Money Demand = (Nominal money demand/Price level)

  8. The Quantity Theory of Money 1. Demand for money = Value of transactions (k) *Nominal Income (PY) MD = kPY 2. Supply of money set by the Central Bank MS = M 3. Equilibrium: Money demand = Money Supply MD = MS 4. Substituting equations 1 and 2 into 3 yields M = kPY 5. Velocity of Money (V): assumed as a constant V = 1/k Therefore quantity theory of money is presented by: MV = PY

  9. Total Demand for Money The function relating money demanded to the rate of interest is called the demand-for-money function. Fig. 36.1 – the demand for money as a function of interest rate, income and price level.

  10. Monetary Forces and National Income Monetary Equilibrium • Occurs when the demand for money equals the supply of money • The rate of interest will adjust to ensure this equilibrium

  11. THE TRANSMISSION MECHANISM

  12. Monetary Disturbances & interest rate changes – Fig 36.3

  13. The effects of changes in money supply on investment expenditure – Fig 36.4

  14. The effects of changes in money supply on aggregate demand –Fig 36.5

  15. Expansionary Monetary Shock Increase in money supply Decrease in money demand

  16. Contractionary Monetary Shock Decrease in money supply Increase in money demand

  17. AN ALTERNATIVE DERIVATION OF THE AGGREGATE DEMAND CURVE:IS/LM

  18. THE IS CURVE FIG. 36.7 • The IS curve shows the equilibrium level of national income associated with each given rate of interest • Equilibrium in the goods market

  19. THE LM CURVE FIG. 36.8 The LM curve shows the combinations of national income and the interest rate that are consistent with the equality of money demand and supply and given price level.

  20. IS-LM AND AGGREGATE DEMAND FIG. 36.9 – the AD curve plots the IS-LM equilibrium level of national income for each given price level, holding all exogenous expenditures and the nominal money supply constant.

  21. AGGREGATE DEMAND, THE PRICE LEVEL, AND NATIONAL INCOME

  22. THE EFFECT OF A MONEY SUPPLY CHANGE IN THE SHORT RUN • An increase in money supply in the short run – shifts LM to the right – shifts AD to the right – upward pressure on prices – real money supply falls & wealth effects – IS and LM shift left slightly to point A.

  23. THE EFFECT OF A MONEY SUPPLY CHANGE IN THE LONG RUN • An increase in money supply in the long run – LM shifts to the right – AD shifts to the right – prices rise – inflationary gap drive wages higher – shift leftward in SRAS curve increasing prices more – leftward shift in IS & LM. Output returns to potential level.

  24. THE EFFECT OF A CHANGE IN FISCAL POLICY IN THE SHORT RUNs • An expansionary fiscal policy starting from equilibrium, has the same short and long run effects on national income prices as an expansionary monetary policy but it has different effects on the composition of expenditure.

  25. THE EFFECT OF A CHANGE IN FISCAL POLICY IN THE LONG RUN • The adjustment from the long to short run case is the same for fiscal policy changes as for monetary policy since it involves a leftward shift in the SRAS curve which results from increases in input prices specially wages. • There may long run implications of the fact that the government is now running a budget deficit when it was not before.

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