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Religious Patterns in East Asia Throughout History

Explore the evolution of religious beliefs and practices in East Asia from 8000 BCE to the present day, including the influence of ancestor worship, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, Neo-Confucianism, and more.

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Religious Patterns in East Asia Throughout History

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  1. Review: Patterns in Religion

  2. East Asia • 8000-600CE- Ancestor worship (China and Japan); Spirits of nature (China); philosophies- Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism (Qin)-; Shamanism; Mandate of Heaven; Religion spread along Silk Road • 600-1450 CE- Mahayana Buddhism (East Asian version) viewed Buddha as divine; Tang – Buddhism dominated; Song- Neo Confucianism (revival of Confucianism); Ancestor worship; Leaders- Mandate of Heaven; Religion spread along Silk Road • 1450-1750- Influence of Buddhism on the samurai; Neo-Confucianism; Religion spread through trade by merchants

  3. East Asia • 1750-1914- Christianity spread by European missionaries; Japan- state sponsored Shintoism; ancestor worship • 1914- Present- Atheism in China (Communism); Shintoism in Japan during WWII- banned as state religion after war; sects of Buddhism; Christianity

  4. Western Europe • 8000-600CE- Polytheism (many gods); Animism; Monotheism (Roman Empire); Christianity and Judaism • 600-1450- Christianity spreads; Crusades (1096); Catholic Church powerful economic entity; Pope leader of Church; Great Schism between east/west Christianity • 1450-1750- Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther/95 theses) and Catholic Reformation; Formation of Jesuits; Inquisition- kill heretics; religious wars between Protestants and Catholics; England (Anglican Church) Scientific Revolution (Deism)- less religious

  5. Western Europe • 1750-1914- Increasing belief in Deism and Atheism due to Enlightenment/Scientific Revolution; • 1914-Present- Armenian (Christians) Genocide during WWI; Holocaust- genocide against Jews; Christianity; Freedom of Religion; Influx of Muslim population to west

  6. Eastern Europe • 8000-600CE- Animism; Polytheism; Christianity; Judaism • 600-1450- Great Schism; Orthodox Christianity (esp. Russia); Emperor and Patriarch head of the orthodox church; some influence of Islam (trade contacts) • 1450-1750-Orthodox Christianity- supported the Tsar • 1750-1914- Continued strong belief in Orthodox Christianity; Persecute Jews- pogroms

  7. Eastern Europe • 1914- Present- Atheism in Soviet Union (Stalin); Christian revival (Orthodox Christianity); more religious freedom in 1990s

  8. South Asia • 8000-600CE- Vedic Religion; Caste system; Hinduism; Birth of Siddhartha Gautama and Buddhism- reaction to caste system of Hinduism; Reign of Ashoka- made Buddhism popular • 600-1450- Classical period- religion flourished; Brahmins not as powerful; Islam comes to India (900 and on); Delhi Sultanate- spread of Islam- religious toleration

  9. South Asia • 1450-1750- Mughal Dynasty in India (Islamic); caste system; Hinduism still majority religion • 1750-1914- British colonization begins; missionaries enter and try to spread Christianity- not very successful; British outlaw sati; Islam and Hinduism practiced • 1914-Present-Becomes second largest Muslim nations; conflicts between Muslims and Hindus split of India –> Muslim Pakistan

  10. Latin America • 8000-600CE- Animism and polytheism; Olmec, Chavin, and Mayan civs • 600-1450- Animism and polytheism; Incas; Aztecs (1434-empire) • 1450-1750- Attack by the Europeans; Missionary dominant force to conversion- forced conversions; African belief systems due to slave trade arrive in Americas

  11. Latin America • 1750-1914- Christianity (Catholicism) dominates; Pope is an important figure; • 1914-Present- Christianity dominates/ more of a limited role due to secularism

  12. Middle East • 8000-600 CE- Polytheism; Zoroastrianism- animist religion, battle b/n good and evil (Persia) • 600-1450- Muhammad received revelation from Allah in 610; birth and spread of Islam; Sunni/Shi’ite split; acceptance of people of the book (Jews and Christians); anyone can convert (Malawi); Sharia- Islamic laws; Umma- religious community; Ulama- religious scholars; Late Abbasid period- Sufi Islam- (mystical side of Islam) spread by wandering ascetics, spread Islam to South/SE Asia

  13. Sunnis vs. Shi’ites • Muhammad died before choosing a successor • Caliph: successor to the prophet, combines religious and secular duties and authority in one person • Controversy over who should rightfully be caliph • Shi’ites: only a descendent of the family of Muhammad may be caliph • Sunni: any member of the umma (Muslim community) could be caliph • Sunni is larger branch • led to frequent, bloody conflicts that mirrored the political power struggle between family clans to control Muslim lands

  14. 1450-1750-Ottoman Empire (Islamic leaders); tolerant of non-Muslims (pay special tax); multi-religious empire • 1750-1914- Ottoman Empire (Islamic); Tanzimat reforms- religious tolerance, some secularization; school allowed for women • 1914-Present- WWI Armenian genocide by Ottoman Turks; Fundamentalist Islam; Anti-west ideology; Sinni vs Shi’ites conficts; Anti-Israel after creation of Jewish state in Palestine

  15. Africa • 8000-600CE- Polytheism and animism (worship of life forces); 1st c – Christianity spread to Egypt- Coptic Church; 1st c Christianity in Ethiopia and Nubia • 600-1450- Native practices of polytheism and animism; Spread of Islam into North Africa (700s); 15th c spread of Christianity into Sub-Saharan Africa by the Portuguese; Ethiopia Christian church only church in Sub Saharan; Mansa Musa Mali King makes pilgrimage to Mecca(1324)

  16. 1450-1750- Christianity continues in Ethiopia; Many people in the north, Sub-Saharan and eastern coastline areas were Muslim, but many native religions remained quite strong. Songhay empire (Muslim) • 1750-1914- Imperialism by European countries, Christian missionaries convert native Africans; Islam, Christianity, animism, ancestor worship syncretism • 1914-Present- Islam, Christianity, animism, ancestor worship syncretism; Atheism; Tribal Conflicts (Sudan)

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